The Future of Health / Fitness / Sports Performance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2017v6i3.p187-211Palabras clave:
História do Exercício, Bem Estar, Medicina PreventivaResumen
O exercício relativo à saúde / aptidão física e desempenho esportivo tem mostrado um papel evolutivo ao longo do tempo. São apresentados fatores primários de grande escala, que provavelmente nos ajudarão a entender o caminho evolutivo futuro da saúde / aptidão física e desempenho esportivo. Esses fatores incluem: 1) a história do exercício, 2) o exercício em sua relação com a saúde, 3) a necessidade de aptidão física entre os militares e os socorristas, 4) a relação conflitante entre o esporte (representando o ápice da capacidade genômica humana para o exercício) versus a natureza excessivamente competitiva e compensada do esporte. Predominantemente, a necessidade de exercício como medicina preventiva em uma sociedade progressivamente mais sedentária, a necessidade de proporcionar a integração social e inclusão em uma sociedade altamente móvel, o risco de resultados sociais indesejáveis relacionados ao esporte e a probabilidade de interações humano-tecnológicas são suscetíveis de impulsionar a evolução do exercício no futuro.
Citas
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Arem H, Moore SC, Patel A, Hartge P, de Gonzalez AB, Visvanathan K, et al. 2015. Leisure time physical activity and mortality. JAMA Intern Med 175: 959-967.
Bassett DR, Schnider PL, Hunington GE 2004. Physical activity in an old order Amish community. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36(1): 79-85.
Berthelot G, Aedeaud A, Marck A, Antero-Jacquemin J, Schipman J, Sauliere G, et al. 2015. Has athletic performance reached its peak? Sports Med 45(9): 1263-1271.
Biddle SJ, Gorely T, Marshall SJ, Murdey I, Cameron N 2004. Physical activity and sedentary behaviours in youth: Issues and controversies. J R Soc Promot Health 124(1): 29-33.
Booth FW, Chakravarthy M, Spangenburg EE 2002. Exercise and gene expression: Physiological regulators of the human genome through physical activity. J Physiol 543(2): 399-411.
Booth FW, Gordon SE, Carlson CJ, Hamilton MT 2000. Waging war on modern chronic diseases: Primary prevention through exercise biology. J Appl Physiol 88(2): 774-787.
Booth FW, Roberts CK 2008. Linking performance and chronic disease risk: Indices of physical performance are surrogates of health. Br J Sports Med 42(12): 950-953.
Capranica L, Foerster J, Keldorf O, Leseur V, Vandewalle P, Doupona Topic M, et al. 2015. The European Athlete as Student network ("EAS"): Prioritising dual career of European student-athletes. Kinesiol Slov 21(2): 5-10. 

Capranica L, Guidotti F 2016. Qualifications/Dual careers in sports. Available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/573416/IPOL_STU(2016)573416_EN.pdf
Cardinale M, Varley MC 2017. Wearable training-monitoring technology: Applications, challenges, and opportunities. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12(S2): S55-S62.
Carlin A, Perchoux C, Puggina A, Aleksovska K, Buck C, Burns C, et al. 2017. A life course examination of the physical environmental determinants of physical activity behaviour: A “Determinants of Diet and Physical Activity†(DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review. PloS one 12(8): e0182083.
Carlson SA, Fulton JE, Schoenborn CA, Loustalot F 2010. Trend and prevalence estimates based on the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Am J Prev Med 39(4): 305-313.
Carpenter K 2012. Match-Fixing-The Biggest threat to sport in the 21st century? Int Sports Law Rev 2: 13-23.
Chakravarthy MV, Booth FW 2004. Eating, exercise and thrifty genotypes: Connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases. J Appl Physiol 96(1): 3-10.
Condello G, Ling FCM, Bianco A, Chastin S, Cardon G, Ciarapica D, et al. 2016. Using concept mapping in the development of the EU-PAD framework (EUropean-Physical Activity Determinants across the life course): a DEDIPAC-study. BMC Public Health 16(1): 1145.
Condello G, Puggina A, Aleksovska K, Buck C, Burns C, Cardon G, et al. 2017. Behavioral determinants of physical activity across the life course: a "DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity" (DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 14(1): 58.
Cooper KH 1968. Aerobics, Toronto, Bantam Books.
Cordain L, Gotshall RW, Eaton SB 1998. Physical activity, energy expenditure and fitness: An evolutionary perspective. Int J Sports Med 19(5): 328-335.
Cortis C, Puggina A, Pesce C, Aleksovska K, Buck C, Burns C, et al. 2017. Psychological determinants of physical activity across the life course: A" DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity"(DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review. PloS one 12.8: e0182709.
Diamond A, Ling D 2015. Conclusions about interventions, programs, and approaches for improving executive functions that appear justified and those that, despite much hype, do not. Dev Cogn Neurosci 18: 34-48.
Eaton SB, Konner M, Shostak M 1988. Stone agers in the fast land: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. Am J Med 84(4): 739-749.
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European Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life 2010. The vision for 2030. Available at http://www.healthydietforhealthylife.eu/index.php/hdhl-documents/key-documents
European Parliament 2016. Motion for a European Parliament resolution on an integrated approach to sport policy: Good governance, accessibility and integrity (2016/2143(INI)). Available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&reference=A8-2016-0381&language=EN#title1
Fitz-Clarke JR, Morton RH, Banister EW 1991. Optimizing athletic performance by influence curves. J Appl Physiol 71(3): 1151-1158.
Fleischer C, Hommel G 2008. A human-exoskeleton interface utilizing electromyography. IEEE Trans Robot 24(4): 872-882.
Ford I, Murray H, Packard DJ, Shepherd J, Macfarlane PW, Cobbe SM 2007. Long term follow-up of the West Scotland coronary prevention study. N Engl J Med 357: 1477-1481
Foster C, Daines E, Hector L, Snyder AC, Welsh R 1996. Athletic performance in relation to training load. Wis Med J 95(6): 370-374.
Foster C, Porcari JP, Battista RA, Udermann B, Wright G, Lucia A 2008. The risk of exercise training. Am J Lifestyle Med 10: 279-284.
Foster C, Rodriguez-Marroyo JA, de Koning JJ 2017. Monitoring training loads: The past, the present, and the future. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12(S2): S22-S28
Friedman G 2010. The Next 100 Years: A Forecast for the 21st Century, New York, Doubleday.
Frosch WA 2007. Taking the waters-springs, wells and spas. FASEB J 21(9): 1948-195.
Garber CE, Blissoma B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, et al. 2011. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43(7): 1334-1354.
Garrett WE, Kirkendall DT 2000. Exercise and Sport Science, Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Gasparini W, Cometti A 2010. Sport Facing the Test of Cultural Diversity. Integration and intercultural dialogue in Europe. Strasbourg, Council of Europe Publishing. 
Guskiewicz KM, Bruce SL, Cantu RC, Ferrara MS, Kelly JP, McCrea M, et al. 2004. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: Management of sport-related concussion. J Athl Train 39(3): 280-297.
Haas F 2008. German science and black racism-roots of the Nazi Holocaust. FASEB J 22(2): 332-337.
Hakim AA, Petrovich H, Bruchenfiel CM, Ross GW, Rodriguez BC, White LR, et al. 1998. Effects of walking on mortality in non-smoking men. N Engl J Med 338(2): 94-99.
Hambrecht R, Walther C, Mobius-Winkler S, Gelan S, Like A, Conradi K, et al. 2004. Percutaneous coronary angioplasty compared with exercise training in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 109(11): 1371-1378.
Hardman K, Marshall J 2005. Physical education in schools in European context: Charter principles, promises and implementation realities. In Green K, Hardman K (eds) Physical Education: Essential Issues. London: SAGE Publications, pp.39-64.
Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. 2007. Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendations for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(9): 1423-1434.
Hauzinga J 1949. Homo Ludens, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.
Herbert PR, Moser M, Mayer J, Hennekens CJ 1993. Recent evidence on drug therapy of mild and moderate hypertension and decreased risk of coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 153: 578-581.
International Olympic Committee 2016. Available at https://www.olympic.org/news/refugee-olympic-team-to-shine-spotlight-on-worldwide-refugee-crisis
International Olympic Committee 2017. Refugee Olympic Team. Available at https://www.olympic.org/news/refugee-olympic-team
Lakerveld J, van der Ploeg HP, Kroeze W, Ahrens W, Allais O, Andersen LF, et al. 2014. Towards the integration and development of cross-European research network and infrastructure: The DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity (DEDIPAC) Knowledge Hub. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 11:143.
Le Corre E 2014. The history of physical fitness. Available at http://www.artofmanliness.com/2014/09/24/the-history-of-physical-fitness/
Lucia A, Foster C 2016. Is there a genetic holy grail for athletes? Can Med Assoc J Blogs. Available at https://cmajblogs.com/is-there-a-genetic-holy-grail-for-athletes/
Maffulli N, Longo UG, Gougoulias N, Loppini M, Denaro V 2010. Long-term health outcomes of youth sports injuries. Br J Sports Med 44(1): 21-25.
Maud PJ, Foster C 2006. Physiological Assessment of Human Fitness. Champaign, Human Kinetics.
Mewett PG 2003. Conspiring to run: Women, their bodies and athletics training. Int Rev Sociol Sport 38(3): 331-349.
Milvy P 1977. The marathon: Physiological, medical, epidemiological, and psychological studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 301.
Morton RH, Fitz-Clarke JR, Banister EW 1990. Modeling human performance in running. J Appl Physiol 69(3): 1171-1177.
Noakes TD 2004. Tainted glory-doping and athletic performance. N Engl J Med 351: 847-848.
O'keefe JH, Patil HR, Lavie CJ, Magalski A, Vogel RA, McCullough PA 2012. Potential adverse cardiovascular effects from excessive endurance exercise. Mayo Clin Proc 87(6): 587-95.
Paffenbarger RS, Wing AL, Hyde RT 1978. Physical activity as an index of heart attack risk in college alumni. Am J Epidemiol 108(3): 161-175.
Pesce C, Marchetti R, Motta A, Bellucci M 2016a. Joy of Moving. Playing with variability to promote motor, cognitive and citizenship development. Torgiano, Italy, Calzetti e Mariucci.
Pesce C, Masci I, Marchetti R, Vazou S, Sääkslahti A, Tomporowski PD 2016b. Deliberate play and preparation jointly benefit motor and cognitive development: Mediated and moderated effects. Front Psychol 7.
Pfister G 1990. The medical discourse on female physical culture in Germany in the 19th and early 20th centuries. J Sport Hist 17(2): 183-198.
Pierach CA, Wangensteen SD, Burchell HB 1993. Spa therapy for heart disease: Bad Nauheim (circa 1900). Am J Cardiol 72(3): 336-342.
Puggina A, Aleksovska K, Buck C, Burns C, Cardon G, Carlin A, et al 2017. Policy determinants of physical activity across the life course: A "DEDIPAC" umbrella systematic literature review." Eur J Public Health. Published ahead of print 2017 Oct 18.
Renson R 2001. Messages from the future: Significance of sport and exercise in the third millennium. Eur J Sport Sci 1(1): 1-17.
Robertson S, Bartlett JD, Gastin PB 2017. Red, amber, or green? Athlete monitoring in team sport: The need for decision-support systems. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12(S2): S73-S79.
Saltin B, Astrand PO 1967. Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes. J Appl Physiol 23(3): 353-358.
Sandbakk O 2017. The evolution of champion cross-country skier training: From lumberjacks to professional athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12(2): 254-259.
Sands WA, Kavanaugh AA, Murray SR, McNeal JR, Jemni M 2017. Modern techniques and technologies applied to training and performance monitoring. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12(S2): S263-S272.
Seiler S 2010. What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 5(3): 276-291.
Stackpool C. Porcari JP, Mikat RP, Gillette C, Foster C 2014. The accuracy of various activity trackers in estimating steps taken and energy expenditure. J Fit Res 3: 32-48.
Sylta Ø, Tønnessen E, Hammarström D, Danielsen J, Skovereng K, Ravn T, et al. 2016. The effect of different high-intensity periodization models on endurance adaptations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48(11): 2165-2174.
Tanner R, Gore C 2012. Physiological Tests for Elite Athletes (2nd Ed). Champaign, Human Kinetics.
Tudor-Lock V, Ham SA, Macera CA, Ainsworth BA, Kirtland KA, Reis JP, et al. 2004. Descriptive epidemiology of pedometer determined physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36(9): 1567-1573.
United States Anti-Doping Agency 2012. United Reasoned decision of the united states anti-doping agency on disqualification and ineligibility. Available at http://www.velonews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Reasoned-Decision.pdf
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Aquilina D, Henry I 2010. Elite athletes and university education in Europe: a review of policy and practice in higher education in the European Union Member States. Int J of Sport Policy 2(1): 25-47.
Arem H, Moore SC, Patel A, Hartge P, de Gonzalez AB, Visvanathan K, et al. 2015. Leisure time physical activity and mortality. JAMA Intern Med 175: 959-967.
Bassett DR, Schnider PL, Hunington GE 2004. Physical activity in an old order Amish community. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36(1): 79-85.
Berthelot G, Aedeaud A, Marck A, Antero-Jacquemin J, Schipman J, Sauliere G, et al. 2015. Has athletic performance reached its peak? Sports Med 45(9): 1263-1271.
Biddle SJ, Gorely T, Marshall SJ, Murdey I, Cameron N 2004. Physical activity and sedentary behaviours in youth: Issues and controversies. J R Soc Promot Health 124(1): 29-33.
Booth FW, Chakravarthy M, Spangenburg EE 2002. Exercise and gene expression: Physiological regulators of the human genome through physical activity. J Physiol 543(2): 399-411.
Booth FW, Gordon SE, Carlson CJ, Hamilton MT 2000. Waging war on modern chronic diseases: Primary prevention through exercise biology. J Appl Physiol 88(2): 774-787.
Booth FW, Roberts CK 2008. Linking performance and chronic disease risk: Indices of physical performance are surrogates of health. Br J Sports Med 42(12): 950-953.
Capranica L, Foerster J, Keldorf O, Leseur V, Vandewalle P, Doupona Topic M, et al. 2015. The European Athlete as Student network ("EAS"): Prioritising dual career of European student-athletes. Kinesiol Slov 21(2): 5-10. 

Capranica L, Guidotti F 2016. Qualifications/Dual careers in sports. Available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/573416/IPOL_STU(2016)573416_EN.pdf
Cardinale M, Varley MC 2017. Wearable training-monitoring technology: Applications, challenges, and opportunities. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12(S2): S55-S62.
Carlin A, Perchoux C, Puggina A, Aleksovska K, Buck C, Burns C, et al. 2017. A life course examination of the physical environmental determinants of physical activity behaviour: A “Determinants of Diet and Physical Activity†(DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review. PloS one 12(8): e0182083.
Carlson SA, Fulton JE, Schoenborn CA, Loustalot F 2010. Trend and prevalence estimates based on the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Am J Prev Med 39(4): 305-313.
Carpenter K 2012. Match-Fixing-The Biggest threat to sport in the 21st century? Int Sports Law Rev 2: 13-23.
Chakravarthy MV, Booth FW 2004. Eating, exercise and thrifty genotypes: Connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases. J Appl Physiol 96(1): 3-10.
Condello G, Ling FCM, Bianco A, Chastin S, Cardon G, Ciarapica D, et al. 2016. Using concept mapping in the development of the EU-PAD framework (EUropean-Physical Activity Determinants across the life course): a DEDIPAC-study. BMC Public Health 16(1): 1145.
Condello G, Puggina A, Aleksovska K, Buck C, Burns C, Cardon G, et al. 2017. Behavioral determinants of physical activity across the life course: a "DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity" (DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 14(1): 58.
Cooper KH 1968. Aerobics, Toronto, Bantam Books.
Cordain L, Gotshall RW, Eaton SB 1998. Physical activity, energy expenditure and fitness: An evolutionary perspective. Int J Sports Med 19(5): 328-335.
Cortis C, Puggina A, Pesce C, Aleksovska K, Buck C, Burns C, et al. 2017. Psychological determinants of physical activity across the life course: A" DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity"(DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review. PloS one 12.8: e0182709.
Diamond A, Ling D 2015. Conclusions about interventions, programs, and approaches for improving executive functions that appear justified and those that, despite much hype, do not. Dev Cogn Neurosci 18: 34-48.
Eaton SB, Konner M, Shostak M 1988. Stone agers in the fast land: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. Am J Med 84(4): 739-749.
European Commission 2007. White Paper on Sport. Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52007DC0391&from=EN
European Commission 2014. Report from the commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the implementation of the European Union Work Plan for Sport 2011-2014. Available at from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0022&from=EN
European Commission 2016. Erasmus+ EU programme for education, training, youth and sport. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/node_en
European Joint Programming Initiative a Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life 2010. The vision for 2030. Available at http://www.healthydietforhealthylife.eu/index.php/hdhl-documents/key-documents
European Parliament 2016. Motion for a European Parliament resolution on an integrated approach to sport policy: Good governance, accessibility and integrity (2016/2143(INI)). Available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&reference=A8-2016-0381&language=EN#title1
Fitz-Clarke JR, Morton RH, Banister EW 1991. Optimizing athletic performance by influence curves. J Appl Physiol 71(3): 1151-1158.
Fleischer C, Hommel G 2008. A human-exoskeleton interface utilizing electromyography. IEEE Trans Robot 24(4): 872-882.
Ford I, Murray H, Packard DJ, Shepherd J, Macfarlane PW, Cobbe SM 2007. Long term follow-up of the West Scotland coronary prevention study. N Engl J Med 357: 1477-1481
Foster C, Daines E, Hector L, Snyder AC, Welsh R 1996. Athletic performance in relation to training load. Wis Med J 95(6): 370-374.
Foster C, Porcari JP, Battista RA, Udermann B, Wright G, Lucia A 2008. The risk of exercise training. Am J Lifestyle Med 10: 279-284.
Foster C, Rodriguez-Marroyo JA, de Koning JJ 2017. Monitoring training loads: The past, the present, and the future. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12(S2): S22-S28
Friedman G 2010. The Next 100 Years: A Forecast for the 21st Century, New York, Doubleday.
Frosch WA 2007. Taking the waters-springs, wells and spas. FASEB J 21(9): 1948-195.
Garber CE, Blissoma B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, et al. 2011. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43(7): 1334-1354.
Garrett WE, Kirkendall DT 2000. Exercise and Sport Science, Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Gasparini W, Cometti A 2010. Sport Facing the Test of Cultural Diversity. Integration and intercultural dialogue in Europe. Strasbourg, Council of Europe Publishing. 
Guskiewicz KM, Bruce SL, Cantu RC, Ferrara MS, Kelly JP, McCrea M, et al. 2004. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: Management of sport-related concussion. J Athl Train 39(3): 280-297.
Haas F 2008. German science and black racism-roots of the Nazi Holocaust. FASEB J 22(2): 332-337.
Hakim AA, Petrovich H, Bruchenfiel CM, Ross GW, Rodriguez BC, White LR, et al. 1998. Effects of walking on mortality in non-smoking men. N Engl J Med 338(2): 94-99.
Hambrecht R, Walther C, Mobius-Winkler S, Gelan S, Like A, Conradi K, et al. 2004. Percutaneous coronary angioplasty compared with exercise training in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 109(11): 1371-1378.
Hardman K, Marshall J 2005. Physical education in schools in European context: Charter principles, promises and implementation realities. In Green K, Hardman K (eds) Physical Education: Essential Issues. London: SAGE Publications, pp.39-64.
Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. 2007. Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendations for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(9): 1423-1434.
Hauzinga J 1949. Homo Ludens, Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.
Herbert PR, Moser M, Mayer J, Hennekens CJ 1993. Recent evidence on drug therapy of mild and moderate hypertension and decreased risk of coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 153: 578-581.
International Olympic Committee 2016. Available at https://www.olympic.org/news/refugee-olympic-team-to-shine-spotlight-on-worldwide-refugee-crisis
International Olympic Committee 2017. Refugee Olympic Team. Available at https://www.olympic.org/news/refugee-olympic-team
Lakerveld J, van der Ploeg HP, Kroeze W, Ahrens W, Allais O, Andersen LF, et al. 2014. Towards the integration and development of cross-European research network and infrastructure: The DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity (DEDIPAC) Knowledge Hub. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 11:143.
Le Corre E 2014. The history of physical fitness. Available at http://www.artofmanliness.com/2014/09/24/the-history-of-physical-fitness/
Lucia A, Foster C 2016. Is there a genetic holy grail for athletes? Can Med Assoc J Blogs. Available at https://cmajblogs.com/is-there-a-genetic-holy-grail-for-athletes/
Maffulli N, Longo UG, Gougoulias N, Loppini M, Denaro V 2010. Long-term health outcomes of youth sports injuries. Br J Sports Med 44(1): 21-25.
Maud PJ, Foster C 2006. Physiological Assessment of Human Fitness. Champaign, Human Kinetics.
Mewett PG 2003. Conspiring to run: Women, their bodies and athletics training. Int Rev Sociol Sport 38(3): 331-349.
Milvy P 1977. The marathon: Physiological, medical, epidemiological, and psychological studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 301.
Morton RH, Fitz-Clarke JR, Banister EW 1990. Modeling human performance in running. J Appl Physiol 69(3): 1171-1177.
Noakes TD 2004. Tainted glory-doping and athletic performance. N Engl J Med 351: 847-848.
O'keefe JH, Patil HR, Lavie CJ, Magalski A, Vogel RA, McCullough PA 2012. Potential adverse cardiovascular effects from excessive endurance exercise. Mayo Clin Proc 87(6): 587-95.
Paffenbarger RS, Wing AL, Hyde RT 1978. Physical activity as an index of heart attack risk in college alumni. Am J Epidemiol 108(3): 161-175.
Pesce C, Marchetti R, Motta A, Bellucci M 2016a. Joy of Moving. Playing with variability to promote motor, cognitive and citizenship development. Torgiano, Italy, Calzetti e Mariucci.
Pesce C, Masci I, Marchetti R, Vazou S, Sääkslahti A, Tomporowski PD 2016b. Deliberate play and preparation jointly benefit motor and cognitive development: Mediated and moderated effects. Front Psychol 7.
Pfister G 1990. The medical discourse on female physical culture in Germany in the 19th and early 20th centuries. J Sport Hist 17(2): 183-198.
Pierach CA, Wangensteen SD, Burchell HB 1993. Spa therapy for heart disease: Bad Nauheim (circa 1900). Am J Cardiol 72(3): 336-342.
Puggina A, Aleksovska K, Buck C, Burns C, Cardon G, Carlin A, et al 2017. Policy determinants of physical activity across the life course: A "DEDIPAC" umbrella systematic literature review." Eur J Public Health. Published ahead of print 2017 Oct 18.
Renson R 2001. Messages from the future: Significance of sport and exercise in the third millennium. Eur J Sport Sci 1(1): 1-17.
Robertson S, Bartlett JD, Gastin PB 2017. Red, amber, or green? Athlete monitoring in team sport: The need for decision-support systems. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12(S2): S73-S79.
Saltin B, Astrand PO 1967. Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes. J Appl Physiol 23(3): 353-358.
Sandbakk O 2017. The evolution of champion cross-country skier training: From lumberjacks to professional athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12(2): 254-259.
Sands WA, Kavanaugh AA, Murray SR, McNeal JR, Jemni M 2017. Modern techniques and technologies applied to training and performance monitoring. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 12(S2): S263-S272.
Seiler S 2010. What is best practice for training intensity and duration distribution in endurance athletes? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 5(3): 276-291.
Stackpool C. Porcari JP, Mikat RP, Gillette C, Foster C 2014. The accuracy of various activity trackers in estimating steps taken and energy expenditure. J Fit Res 3: 32-48.
Sylta Ø, Tønnessen E, Hammarström D, Danielsen J, Skovereng K, Ravn T, et al. 2016. The effect of different high-intensity periodization models on endurance adaptations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48(11): 2165-2174.
Tanner R, Gore C 2012. Physiological Tests for Elite Athletes (2nd Ed). Champaign, Human Kinetics.
Tudor-Lock V, Ham SA, Macera CA, Ainsworth BA, Kirtland KA, Reis JP, et al. 2004. Descriptive epidemiology of pedometer determined physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36(9): 1567-1573.
United States Anti-Doping Agency 2012. United Reasoned decision of the united states anti-doping agency on disqualification and ineligibility. Available at http://www.velonews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Reasoned-Decision.pdf
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2017-12-31
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FOSTER, Carl et al. The Future of Health / Fitness / Sports Performance. Fronteira: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 6, n. 3, p. 187–211, 2017. DOI: 10.21664/2238-8869.2017v6i3.p187-211. Disponível em: https://periodicos.unievangelica.edu.br/index.php/fronteiras/article/view/2730. Acesso em: 22 dic. 2024.
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