Are Regulatory Standards Enough to Leverage Forest Restoration? A Brazilian Case Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2022v11i2.p96-103Keywords:
ecological restoration policy, environmental adequacy, regulatory standardsAbstract
Environmental offsetting is a compensation for a deforested or degraded area usually in the form of forest recovery. We provide an update on the ongoing regulatory standards (RS) regarding ecological restoration in Brazil, analyzing the existence of monitoring protocols. The introduction of Environmental Rural Registry (CAR) created by law in 2012 has become the main driver of local RS. The aim of CAR is to guarantee forest cover on rural properties by the force of RS, but it lacks to consider the vegetation structure, functionality, and quality of the vegetation. Currently only four states in Brazil uses a protocol that includes ecological criteria as a measurement of success. The existence of a specific legislation for forest restoration may enhance restoration effectiveness by clarifying the restoration process and regulations to those stakeholders involved in implementing restoration projects. It is necessary for RS to include diverse technical approaches, providing the opportunity for solutions contemplating local possibilities and conditions.
References
Albuquerque RW, Ferreira ME, Olsen SI, Tymus JRC, Balieiro CP, Mansur H, Grohmann C H 2021. Forest Restoration Monitoring Protocol with a Low-Cost Remotely Piloted Aircraft: Lessons Learned from a Case Study in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Remote Sensing (13): 2401. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122401
Apostolopoulou E, Adams WM 2017. Biodiversity offsetting and conservation: reframing nature to save it. Oryx (51):23–31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000782
Arvor D, Silgueiro V, Nunes GM, Nabucet J, Dias AP 2021. The 2008 map of consolidated rural areas in the Brazilian Legal Amazon state of Mato Grosso: Accuracy assessment and implications for the environmental regularization of rural properties. Land Use Policy (103): 105281. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105281
Bonneuil C 2015. Tell me where you come from, I will tell you who you are: A genealogy of biodiversity offsetting mechanisms in historical context. Biological Conservation 192. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.09.022
Brancalion PHS, Chazdon RL 2017. Beyond hectares: four principles to guide reforestation in the context of tropical forest and landscape restoration: Forest and landscape restoration principles. Restor Ecol (25): 491–496. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12519
Brancalion PHS, Garcia LC, Loyola R, Rodrigues RR, Pillar VD, Lewinsohn TM 2016. A critical analysis of the Native Vegetation Protection Law of Brazil (2012): updates and ongoing initiatives. Natureza & Conservação (14):1–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2016.03.003
Calmon M, Brancalion PHS, Paese A, Aronson J, Castro P, Silva SC, Rodrigues RR 2011. Emerging Threats and Opportunities for Large-Scale Ecological Restoration in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Restoration Ecology (19):154–158. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00772.x
Chaves RB, Durigan G, Brancalion PHS, Aronson J 2015. On the need of legal frameworks for assessing restoration projects success: new perspectives from São Paulo state (Brazil). Restoration Ecology (23):754–759. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12267
Crouzeilles R, Curran M, Ferreira MS, Lindenmayer DB, Grelle CEV, Rey Benayas JM 2016. A global meta-analysis on the ecological drivers of forest restoration success. Nature Communications (7): 11666. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11666
Crouzeilles R, Santiami E, Rosa M, Pugliese L, Brancalion PH, Rodrigues RR, Pinto S 2019. There is hope for achieving ambitious Atlantic Forest restoration commitments. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, (17): 80-83. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2019.04.003
Drummond J, Barros‐Platiau AF 2006. Brazilian Environmental Laws and Policies, 1934–2002: A Critical Overview. Law & Policy (28): 83–108. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2005.00218.x
Isernhagen I, Moraes, LFD, Engel VL 2017. The rise of the Brazilian Network for Ecological Restoration (REBRE): what Brazilian restorationists have learned from networking. Restoration Ecology (25): 172–177. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12480
Maron M, Hobbs RJ, Moilanen A, Matthews JW, Christie K, Gardner TA., Keith DA, Lindenmayer DB, McAlpine CA 2012. Faustian bargains? Restoration realities in the context of biodiversity offset policies. Biological Conservation (155):141–148. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.06.003
Moilanen A, Teeffelen AJAV, Ben‐Haim Y, Ferrier S 2009. How Much Compensation is Enough? A Framework for Incorporating Uncertainty and Time Discounting When Calculating Offset Ratios for Impacted Habitat. Restoration Ecology (17): 470–478. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00382.x
Moura CJR, Barros HS, Valente FDW, Araújo VA, Bochner JK 2019. Forest Restoration in the State of Rio De Janeiro: Adherence to Legislation. Floresta e Ambiente (26):2 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.119217
Myers N., Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GAB, Kent J 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature (403):853–858. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
Oliveira AL, Junior MGC, Barros DA, de Resende AS, Sansevero JBB, Borges LAC, de Faria S M 2020. Revisiting the concept of “fiscal modules”: implications for restoration and conservation programs in Brazil. Land Use Policy (99): 104978. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104978
Oliveira R E, Engel V L, de Paula Loiola P, de Moraes L F D, de Souza Vismara E 2021. Top 10 indicators for evaluating restoration trajectories in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Ecological Indicators (127):107652. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107652
Pacheco R, Rajão R, Van der Hoff R, Soares-Filho B 2021. Will farmers seek environmental regularization in the Amazon and how? Insights from the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) questionnaires. Journal of Environmental Management (284): 112010. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112010
Roitman,I, Vieira LCG, Jacobson TKB, da Cunha Bustamante MM, Marcondes, NJS, Cury K, Avila M L 2018. Rural Environmental Registry: An innovative model for land-use and environmental policies. Land use policy (76): 95-102. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.04.037
Schultz CA, Jedd T, Beam RD 2012. The Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program: A History and Overview of the First Projects. Journal of Forestry (110): 381–391. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.11-082
Scheidel A, Gingrich S 2020. Toward sustainable and just forest recovery: research gaps and potentials for knowledge integration. One Earth 3(6): 680-690. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.005
Siqueira LP, Tedesco AM, Rodrigues RR, Chaves RB, Albuquerque NC, Corrêa FF, Brancalion PH 2021. Engaging people for large-scale forest restoration: governance lessons from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The Atlantic Forest: 389-402. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-55322-7_18
Soares-Filho B, Rajão R, Macedo M, Carneiro A, Costa W, Coe M, Alencar A 2014. Cracking Brazil's forest code. Science (344): 363-364. Available from: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6182/363
SOS Mata Atlântica 2017. Atlas dos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atlântica: período 2015-2016. SOS Mata Atlântica, São Paulo-SP.
Tilman D, Isbell F, Cowles JM 2014. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (45):471–493. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917
Apostolopoulou E, Adams WM 2017. Biodiversity offsetting and conservation: reframing nature to save it. Oryx (51):23–31. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315000782
Arvor D, Silgueiro V, Nunes GM, Nabucet J, Dias AP 2021. The 2008 map of consolidated rural areas in the Brazilian Legal Amazon state of Mato Grosso: Accuracy assessment and implications for the environmental regularization of rural properties. Land Use Policy (103): 105281. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105281
Bonneuil C 2015. Tell me where you come from, I will tell you who you are: A genealogy of biodiversity offsetting mechanisms in historical context. Biological Conservation 192. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.09.022
Brancalion PHS, Chazdon RL 2017. Beyond hectares: four principles to guide reforestation in the context of tropical forest and landscape restoration: Forest and landscape restoration principles. Restor Ecol (25): 491–496. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12519
Brancalion PHS, Garcia LC, Loyola R, Rodrigues RR, Pillar VD, Lewinsohn TM 2016. A critical analysis of the Native Vegetation Protection Law of Brazil (2012): updates and ongoing initiatives. Natureza & Conservação (14):1–15. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2016.03.003
Calmon M, Brancalion PHS, Paese A, Aronson J, Castro P, Silva SC, Rodrigues RR 2011. Emerging Threats and Opportunities for Large-Scale Ecological Restoration in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Restoration Ecology (19):154–158. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00772.x
Chaves RB, Durigan G, Brancalion PHS, Aronson J 2015. On the need of legal frameworks for assessing restoration projects success: new perspectives from São Paulo state (Brazil). Restoration Ecology (23):754–759. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12267
Crouzeilles R, Curran M, Ferreira MS, Lindenmayer DB, Grelle CEV, Rey Benayas JM 2016. A global meta-analysis on the ecological drivers of forest restoration success. Nature Communications (7): 11666. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11666
Crouzeilles R, Santiami E, Rosa M, Pugliese L, Brancalion PH, Rodrigues RR, Pinto S 2019. There is hope for achieving ambitious Atlantic Forest restoration commitments. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, (17): 80-83. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2019.04.003
Drummond J, Barros‐Platiau AF 2006. Brazilian Environmental Laws and Policies, 1934–2002: A Critical Overview. Law & Policy (28): 83–108. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2005.00218.x
Isernhagen I, Moraes, LFD, Engel VL 2017. The rise of the Brazilian Network for Ecological Restoration (REBRE): what Brazilian restorationists have learned from networking. Restoration Ecology (25): 172–177. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12480
Maron M, Hobbs RJ, Moilanen A, Matthews JW, Christie K, Gardner TA., Keith DA, Lindenmayer DB, McAlpine CA 2012. Faustian bargains? Restoration realities in the context of biodiversity offset policies. Biological Conservation (155):141–148. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.06.003
Moilanen A, Teeffelen AJAV, Ben‐Haim Y, Ferrier S 2009. How Much Compensation is Enough? A Framework for Incorporating Uncertainty and Time Discounting When Calculating Offset Ratios for Impacted Habitat. Restoration Ecology (17): 470–478. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00382.x
Moura CJR, Barros HS, Valente FDW, Araújo VA, Bochner JK 2019. Forest Restoration in the State of Rio De Janeiro: Adherence to Legislation. Floresta e Ambiente (26):2 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.119217
Myers N., Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GAB, Kent J 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature (403):853–858. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
Oliveira AL, Junior MGC, Barros DA, de Resende AS, Sansevero JBB, Borges LAC, de Faria S M 2020. Revisiting the concept of “fiscal modules”: implications for restoration and conservation programs in Brazil. Land Use Policy (99): 104978. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104978
Oliveira R E, Engel V L, de Paula Loiola P, de Moraes L F D, de Souza Vismara E 2021. Top 10 indicators for evaluating restoration trajectories in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Ecological Indicators (127):107652. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107652
Pacheco R, Rajão R, Van der Hoff R, Soares-Filho B 2021. Will farmers seek environmental regularization in the Amazon and how? Insights from the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) questionnaires. Journal of Environmental Management (284): 112010. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112010
Roitman,I, Vieira LCG, Jacobson TKB, da Cunha Bustamante MM, Marcondes, NJS, Cury K, Avila M L 2018. Rural Environmental Registry: An innovative model for land-use and environmental policies. Land use policy (76): 95-102. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.04.037
Schultz CA, Jedd T, Beam RD 2012. The Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program: A History and Overview of the First Projects. Journal of Forestry (110): 381–391. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.11-082
Scheidel A, Gingrich S 2020. Toward sustainable and just forest recovery: research gaps and potentials for knowledge integration. One Earth 3(6): 680-690. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.005
Siqueira LP, Tedesco AM, Rodrigues RR, Chaves RB, Albuquerque NC, Corrêa FF, Brancalion PH 2021. Engaging people for large-scale forest restoration: governance lessons from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The Atlantic Forest: 389-402. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-55322-7_18
Soares-Filho B, Rajão R, Macedo M, Carneiro A, Costa W, Coe M, Alencar A 2014. Cracking Brazil's forest code. Science (344): 363-364. Available from: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6182/363
SOS Mata Atlântica 2017. Atlas dos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atlântica: período 2015-2016. SOS Mata Atlântica, São Paulo-SP.
Tilman D, Isbell F, Cowles JM 2014. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (45):471–493. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091917
Downloads
Published
2022-08-02
How to Cite
MOURA, Ciro Jose Ribeiro de; NUNES, Maria Fernanda S. Quintela da C. Are Regulatory Standards Enough to Leverage Forest Restoration? A Brazilian Case Study. Fronteiras - Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 2, p. 96–103, 2022. DOI: 10.21664/2238-8869.2022v11i2.p96-103. Disponível em: https://periodicos.unievangelica.edu.br/index.php/fronteiras/article/view/5691. Acesso em: 24 nov. 2024.
Issue
Section
Articles
License
This journal offers immediate free access to its content, following the principle that providing free scientific knowledge to the public, we provides greater global democratization of knowledge.
As of the publication in the journal the authors have copyright and publication rights of their articles without restrictions.
The Revista Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science follows the legal precepts of the Creative Commons - Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International. 
