Devastação Ambiental e Riscos à Saúde: O doloroso Legado do Garimpo de Ouro a Agricultores Familiares da Amazônia Mato-Grossense
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2021v10i2.p97-115Keywords:
Nature Tourism, Biological Conservation, Biodiversity, RecreationAbstract
This work is a reflection on the relationship between thoughts and actions focused on nature conservation, conservation biology, the ethical and philosophical principles established by Deep Ecology and the principles and practices developed by ecotourism. It deals with the potential that the practice of ecotourism, permeated by the values of an ecocentric ethic, based on the notion that nature has an intrinsic value, is as an interpretation and education tool for the conservation of natural and cultural heritage. The research was based on extensive literature on ecotourism, history of nature conservation and Deep Ecology. The main conclusions refer to the idea that ecotourism, as a segment focused on the conservation of natural and cultural heritage, biodiversity and sociodiversity, depends on a deep reflection in relation to the values and ethical principles that guide its practice. And only the focus on building the supply of experiences based on these principles can guide the demand for practices that deliver the desired benefits, with a focus on nature conservation.
References
Acott TG, La Trobe HL, Howard, SH 1998. An Evaluation of Deep Ecotourism and Shallow Ecotourism, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 6:3, 238-253.
Buckley R 2009. Ecotourism Principles and Practices. CABI Tourism Texts, Cambridge, 368 pp.
Capra F 2001. A Teia da Vida: Uma nova compreensão científica dos sistemas vivos. Cultrix, São Paulo, 256 pp.
Ceballos-Lascuráin H 1988. The Future of Ecotourism. Mexico Journal, January 27.
Costa FR 2009. Turismo e patrimônio cultural: interpretação e qualificação. SESC/Senac, São Paulo, 251 pp.
Cunha AA, Costa CMM 2018. Nature Tourism Research in Brazil: A preliminary Scientometric Approach of the Last 20 years. In Cunha AA, LindenKamp TCM, McCool SF. Tourism and Protected Areas in Brazil: Challenges and Perspectives. Nova Science Publisher Inc, New York, p. 25-46.
Cunha AA, Lindenkamp TCM, McCool SF (Eds) 2018. Tourism and Protected Areas in Brazil: Challenges and Perspectives. Nova Science Publisher Inc, New York, 330pp.
Devall B, Sessions G 2007. Deep Ecology: Living as if nature mattered. Peregrine Smith Books, Salt Lake City, 267 pp.
Dirzo R, Young HS, Galetti M, Ceballos G, Isaac NJB, Collen B 2014. Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345: 401–406.
Donohoe HM, Needham RD 2006. Ecotourism: The Evolving Contemporary Definition, Journal of Ecotourism 5 (3): 192-210.
Drengson A, Inoue Y (Edited by) 1995. Deep Ecology Movement: An Introductory Anthology. North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, pp. 293.
Drummond JA 1994. Introdução – Henry David Thoreau, homem de várias épocas. In: Thoreau, H D. Desobedecendo: A Desobediência Civil e Outros Escritos. Rocco, Rio de Janeiro, p. 11-26.
Embratur/Ibama 1994. Diretrizes para uma política nacional de ecoturismo. Grupo de Trabalho Interministerial – MICT/MMA, Brasília, 48 pp.
Eugene H, Rivero AL, Huitron IL 2019. Social-Ecological System Constraints of Protected Areas. A Case Study of Mexican Protected Forests. Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 8(2): 227-44.
Fennell DA 2001. A Content Analysis of Ecotourism Definitions, Current Issues in Tourism 4 (5): 403-421.
Franco JLA 2015. Patrimônio cultural e natural, direitos humanos e direitos da natureza. In: Soares, I V P, Cureau, S (Orgs.). Bens Culturais e Direitos Humanos. São Paulo: SESC: p. 155-184.
Franco JLA, Schittini, GM; BRAZ, VS 2015. História da Conservação da Natureza e das Áreas Protegidas: Panorama Geral. Historiæ, Rio Grande, V. 6, N. 2 (Dossiê Patrimônio Histórico e Ambiental): 233-270.
Franco JLA 2013. O conceito de biodiversidade e a história da biologia da conservação: da preservação da wilderness à conservação da biodiversidade, História (São Paulo. Online), v. 32: 21-48.
Groom MJ, Meffe GK, Carroll CR (Eds.) 2006. Principles of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts, 793 pp.
Honey M 2008. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Island Press, Washington, DC, 551 pp.
Kolbert E 2015. A Sexta Extinção: Uma História não Natural. Intrínseca, Rio de Janeiro, 334 pp.
Leopold A (first edition 1949) s/d. A Sand County Almanac: And Sketches Here and There. Oxford University Press, New York, 226.
Louv R. 2008. Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 390 pp.
McCormick J 1992. Rumo ao Paraíso: A História do Movimento Ambientalista. Relume Dumará, Rio de Janeiro, 224 pp.
Mc Dermott AG, Hurtado RJV, Camacho DC. 2019. Entre Extractivismo y Conservacionismo: La Construcción Social Del Parque Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica (1914-1982”). Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 8 (3): 107-34.
Meine C 2010. Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work. Wisconsin University Press, Madison, 638 pp.
Muir John 1916. A Thousand-mile Walk to the Gulf. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston and New York, 220 pp.
Naidoo P, Ramseook-Munhurrun P, Seegoolam P. 2011. An Assessment of Visitor Satisfaction with Nature-Based Tourism Attractions. International Journal of Management and Marketing Research 4 (1): 87-98.
Nash R 2014. Wilderness and the American Mind. Yale University Press, New Haven, 409 pp.
Nash R 1989. The Rights of Nature: a history of environmental ethics. Wisconsin University Press, Madison, 290 pp.
Newsome D, Moore SA, Dowling RK 2002. Natural area tourism: Ecology, Impacts and Management. Channel View Publications, Sidney, 480 pp.
Pires PDS 1998. A Dimensão Conceitual do Ecoturismo. Turismo- Visão e Ação, 1(1): 75-91.
Schama S 1996. Paisagem e Memória. Cia das Letras, São Paulo, 645 pp.
Sessions G (Ed) 1995. Deep Ecology for the 21st Century: Readings on the Philosophy and Practice of the New Environmentalism. Shambhala, Boston, 488.
Sharpley R. 2006. Ecotourism: A Consumption Perspective, Journal of Ecotourism, 5 (1-2): 7-22.
Tiburcio Pintos G, Olvera MMC. 2020. Ecoturismo Frívolo Con Tortugas Marinas en México: Reflexiones Desde la Sustentabilidad. Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 9 (3): 261-85.
TIES 2016. The International Ecotourism Society. Available at: <http://www.ecotourism.org/>. Access on: 15 Jan.
Thomas K 1996. O Homem e o Mundo Natural. Cia das Letras, São Paulo, 454.
Thoreau HD 1984. Desobedecendo: A Desobediência Civil e Outros Escritos. Rocco, Rio de Janeiro, 167 pp.
Thoreau, HD 1987. Walden ou A Vida nos Bosques. Global, São Paulo, 331 pp.
Weaver, DB 2001. Ecotourism in the Context of Other Tourism Types. In Weaver DB, Encyclopedia of Ecotourism. CABI Publishing, New York. p. 5-22.
Weaver DB, Lawton LJ 2007. Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism research. Tourism Management 28: 1168–1179.
Worster D 1998. Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas. Cambridge University Press, New York, 507 pp.
Worster D 2008. A Passion for Nature: The life of John Muir. Oxford University Press, New York, 535 pp.
Wulf A 2016. A Invenção da Natureza: A vida e as descobertas de Alexander von Humboldt. Planeta, São Paulo, 587 pp.
Buckley R 2009. Ecotourism Principles and Practices. CABI Tourism Texts, Cambridge, 368 pp.
Capra F 2001. A Teia da Vida: Uma nova compreensão científica dos sistemas vivos. Cultrix, São Paulo, 256 pp.
Ceballos-Lascuráin H 1988. The Future of Ecotourism. Mexico Journal, January 27.
Costa FR 2009. Turismo e patrimônio cultural: interpretação e qualificação. SESC/Senac, São Paulo, 251 pp.
Cunha AA, Costa CMM 2018. Nature Tourism Research in Brazil: A preliminary Scientometric Approach of the Last 20 years. In Cunha AA, LindenKamp TCM, McCool SF. Tourism and Protected Areas in Brazil: Challenges and Perspectives. Nova Science Publisher Inc, New York, p. 25-46.
Cunha AA, Lindenkamp TCM, McCool SF (Eds) 2018. Tourism and Protected Areas in Brazil: Challenges and Perspectives. Nova Science Publisher Inc, New York, 330pp.
Devall B, Sessions G 2007. Deep Ecology: Living as if nature mattered. Peregrine Smith Books, Salt Lake City, 267 pp.
Dirzo R, Young HS, Galetti M, Ceballos G, Isaac NJB, Collen B 2014. Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345: 401–406.
Donohoe HM, Needham RD 2006. Ecotourism: The Evolving Contemporary Definition, Journal of Ecotourism 5 (3): 192-210.
Drengson A, Inoue Y (Edited by) 1995. Deep Ecology Movement: An Introductory Anthology. North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, pp. 293.
Drummond JA 1994. Introdução – Henry David Thoreau, homem de várias épocas. In: Thoreau, H D. Desobedecendo: A Desobediência Civil e Outros Escritos. Rocco, Rio de Janeiro, p. 11-26.
Embratur/Ibama 1994. Diretrizes para uma política nacional de ecoturismo. Grupo de Trabalho Interministerial – MICT/MMA, Brasília, 48 pp.
Eugene H, Rivero AL, Huitron IL 2019. Social-Ecological System Constraints of Protected Areas. A Case Study of Mexican Protected Forests. Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 8(2): 227-44.
Fennell DA 2001. A Content Analysis of Ecotourism Definitions, Current Issues in Tourism 4 (5): 403-421.
Franco JLA 2015. Patrimônio cultural e natural, direitos humanos e direitos da natureza. In: Soares, I V P, Cureau, S (Orgs.). Bens Culturais e Direitos Humanos. São Paulo: SESC: p. 155-184.
Franco JLA, Schittini, GM; BRAZ, VS 2015. História da Conservação da Natureza e das Áreas Protegidas: Panorama Geral. Historiæ, Rio Grande, V. 6, N. 2 (Dossiê Patrimônio Histórico e Ambiental): 233-270.
Franco JLA 2013. O conceito de biodiversidade e a história da biologia da conservação: da preservação da wilderness à conservação da biodiversidade, História (São Paulo. Online), v. 32: 21-48.
Groom MJ, Meffe GK, Carroll CR (Eds.) 2006. Principles of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts, 793 pp.
Honey M 2008. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Island Press, Washington, DC, 551 pp.
Kolbert E 2015. A Sexta Extinção: Uma História não Natural. Intrínseca, Rio de Janeiro, 334 pp.
Leopold A (first edition 1949) s/d. A Sand County Almanac: And Sketches Here and There. Oxford University Press, New York, 226.
Louv R. 2008. Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 390 pp.
McCormick J 1992. Rumo ao Paraíso: A História do Movimento Ambientalista. Relume Dumará, Rio de Janeiro, 224 pp.
Mc Dermott AG, Hurtado RJV, Camacho DC. 2019. Entre Extractivismo y Conservacionismo: La Construcción Social Del Parque Nacional Corcovado, Costa Rica (1914-1982”). Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 8 (3): 107-34.
Meine C 2010. Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work. Wisconsin University Press, Madison, 638 pp.
Muir John 1916. A Thousand-mile Walk to the Gulf. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston and New York, 220 pp.
Naidoo P, Ramseook-Munhurrun P, Seegoolam P. 2011. An Assessment of Visitor Satisfaction with Nature-Based Tourism Attractions. International Journal of Management and Marketing Research 4 (1): 87-98.
Nash R 2014. Wilderness and the American Mind. Yale University Press, New Haven, 409 pp.
Nash R 1989. The Rights of Nature: a history of environmental ethics. Wisconsin University Press, Madison, 290 pp.
Newsome D, Moore SA, Dowling RK 2002. Natural area tourism: Ecology, Impacts and Management. Channel View Publications, Sidney, 480 pp.
Pires PDS 1998. A Dimensão Conceitual do Ecoturismo. Turismo- Visão e Ação, 1(1): 75-91.
Schama S 1996. Paisagem e Memória. Cia das Letras, São Paulo, 645 pp.
Sessions G (Ed) 1995. Deep Ecology for the 21st Century: Readings on the Philosophy and Practice of the New Environmentalism. Shambhala, Boston, 488.
Sharpley R. 2006. Ecotourism: A Consumption Perspective, Journal of Ecotourism, 5 (1-2): 7-22.
Tiburcio Pintos G, Olvera MMC. 2020. Ecoturismo Frívolo Con Tortugas Marinas en México: Reflexiones Desde la Sustentabilidad. Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 9 (3): 261-85.
TIES 2016. The International Ecotourism Society. Available at: <http://www.ecotourism.org/>. Access on: 15 Jan.
Thomas K 1996. O Homem e o Mundo Natural. Cia das Letras, São Paulo, 454.
Thoreau HD 1984. Desobedecendo: A Desobediência Civil e Outros Escritos. Rocco, Rio de Janeiro, 167 pp.
Thoreau, HD 1987. Walden ou A Vida nos Bosques. Global, São Paulo, 331 pp.
Weaver, DB 2001. Ecotourism in the Context of Other Tourism Types. In Weaver DB, Encyclopedia of Ecotourism. CABI Publishing, New York. p. 5-22.
Weaver DB, Lawton LJ 2007. Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism research. Tourism Management 28: 1168–1179.
Worster D 1998. Nature’s Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas. Cambridge University Press, New York, 507 pp.
Worster D 2008. A Passion for Nature: The life of John Muir. Oxford University Press, New York, 535 pp.
Wulf A 2016. A Invenção da Natureza: A vida e as descobertas de Alexander von Humboldt. Planeta, São Paulo, 587 pp.
Downloads
Published
2021-08-31
How to Cite
FRANCO, Marcos Bevilacqua de Andrade; FRANCO, José Luiz de Andrade; CUNHA, André A. Devastação Ambiental e Riscos à Saúde: O doloroso Legado do Garimpo de Ouro a Agricultores Familiares da Amazônia Mato-Grossense. Fronteiras - Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 10, n. 2, p. 97–115, 2021. DOI: 10.21664/2238-8869.2021v10i2.p97-115. Disponível em: https://periodicos.unievangelica.edu.br/index.php/fronteiras/article/view/5578. Acesso em: 24 nov. 2024.
Issue
Section
Dossiê - Humanidades Ambientais
License
This journal offers immediate free access to its content, following the principle that providing free scientific knowledge to the public, we provides greater global democratization of knowledge.
As of the publication in the journal the authors have copyright and publication rights of their articles without restrictions.
The Revista Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science follows the legal precepts of the Creative Commons - Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International. 
