Long-term Resilient Labour Strategies to Deal with the Economic Crisis in Europe Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2021v10i3.p9-23Keywords:
resiliencia, mercado laboral, crisis, Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (QCA)Abstract
The crisis has had a negative impact on both European economies and labour markets with different effects among countries, raising the importance of analysing the labour market resilience. This paper seeks to identify which strategies and labour adjustments have led European labour markets to both resilient and non-resilient results by using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). The findings show two different configurations explaining 57% of the resilient cases and four configurations explaining 74% of the non-resilient cases. The results of this study revealed three important issues. First of all, the same strategy was found to have different results on labour markets. This fact stressed that the context in which different measures are imposed is a decisive factor in their success. Secondly, resilient strategies underlined the importance of “flexibilityâ€, by increasing temporary employment together with other conditions to escape from the crisis. Finally, the non-resilient results stress the importance of the imbalance between the flexicurity dimensions and the effect of the fall in economic activity on not being resilient in the long-term.
References
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Cuadrado-Roura JR, Maroto-Sánchez A 2016. Unbalanced regional resilience to the economic crisis in Spain: a tale of specialisation and productivity. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 9(1): 153–178.
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Fenger M, Koster F, Struyven L, van der Veen R 2014. Smart Policies or Sheer Luck? Labour Market Resilience in the Low Countries. Soc Policy Adm 48(4): 492–513.
Fernández C, Izquierdo M 2013. El ajuste de los mercados laborales europeos desde el inicio de la crisis. Banco de España, Boletín Económico. Feb [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 45: 12p. Available from: http://www.bde.es/f/webbde/SES/Secciones/Publicaciones/InformesBoletinesRevistas/BoletinEconomico/13/Feb/Fich/be1302-art4.pdf
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Folke C, Carpenter SR, Walker B, Scheffer M, Chapin T, Rockström J 2010. Resilience thinking: integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecol Soc 15(4): 1-16.
Gal P, Theising A 2015. The macroeconomic impact of structural policies on labour market outcomes in OECD countries: A reassessment. OECD Economics Department Working Papers. Nov [cited 2017 Jun 25]; 1271: 65p. Available from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/paper/5jrqc6t8ktjf-en
Guichard S, Rusticelli E 2010. Assessing the Impact of the Financial Crisis on Structural Unemployment in OECD Countries. OECD Economics Department Working Papers. 2010 Oct [cited 2017 Jul 01]; 767: 25p. Available from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/paper/5kmftp8khfjg-en
Heyes J 2011. Flexicurity, employment protection and the jobs crisis. Work Employ Soc 25(4): 642–657.
Heyes J 2013. Flexicurity in crisis: European labour market policies in a time of austerity. Eur J Ind Relat 19(1): 71–86.
Hijzen A, Kappeler A, Pak M, Schwellnus C 2017. Labour market resilience: The role of structural and macroeconomic policies. OECD Employment Outlook 2017. Jun [cited 2019 Oct 08]: 47 – 79p. Available from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2017/labour-market-resilience-the-role-of-structural-and-macroeconomic-policies_empl_outlook-2017-6-en
Holling CS 1973. Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 4:1-23.
Hug S 2013. Qualitative comparative analysis: How inductive use and measurement error lead to problematic inference. Political Anal 21(2): 252-265.
Kane H, Lewis MA, Williams PA, Kahwati LC 2014. Using qualitative comparative analysis to understand and quantify translation and implementation. Transl Behav Med 4(2): 201-208.
Lallement M 2011. Europe and the economic crisis: forms of labour market adjustment and varieties of capitalism. Work Employ Soc 25(4): 627– 641.
Liebert N 2010. Employment Policy in Times of Crisis. From a Job-Rich Recovery to Sustainable Structural Change. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Jun [cited 2017 May 20]. Available from: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/global/07286.pdf
Lisnyak S 2015. Literature review regarding the concept of resilience and its assessment in the context of the economic dimension. CES Working Papers, Centre for European Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University. Sep [cited 2016 Apr 26];7(2a):511-518, September. Available from: https://ideas.repec.org/a/jes/wpaper/y2015v7i2ap511-518.html
Loy G 2017. El modelo europeo de política de empleo en el contexto ideológico de la Unión Europea. In Cardona MB, Cordero V. Cambio laboral y políticas inclusivas. Universitat de València, Valencia, p. 15-31.
Lungová M 2013. The resilience of regions to economic shocks. Studia Reg i Lokal 4(66): 30-47.
Marelli E, Signorelli M, Tyrowicz J 2012. Crises and joint employment-productivity dynamics: A comparative perspective for European countries. Comp Econ Stud 54(2): 361–394.
Martin R 2012. Regional Economic Resilience, Hysteresis and Recessionary Shocks. J Econ Geogr 12(1):1-32.
Martin R, Sunley P 2014. On the Notion of Regional Economic Resilience: Conceptualisation and Explanation. J Econ Geogr 15(1):1-42.
Martínez-Molina S, Sabater P, Garcés J 2016. Identifying Resilient and Non-Resilient Labour Conditions in Europe using Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Eur j econ bus stud 6(1):129-141.
Miguélez F, Prieto C 2009. Trasformaciones del empleo, flexibilidad y relaciones laborales en Europa. Política y Sociedad 46(1): 275-287.
OECD. OECD Employment Outlook 2010: Moving beyond the Jobs Crisis OECD Publishing. 2010 Jul [cited 2013 Sep 20]: 308p. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/employment/emp/48806664.pdf
OECD. OECD Employment Outlook 2012. OECD Publishing. 2012 Jul [cited 2013 Sep 20]: 260p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/empl_outlook-2012-en
Pendall R, Foster K, Cowell M 2009. Resilience and regions: building understanding of the metaphor. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 3(1): 71-84.
Ragin C 1987. The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies, University of California Press, California, 218 pp.
Ragin C 2006a. Set relations in social research: Evaluating their consistency and coverage. Political Anal 14(3): 291–310.
Ragin C 2006b. How to Lure Analytic Social Science Out of the Doldrums Some Lessons from Comparative Research. Int Sociol 21(5): 633-646.
Rihoux B 2006. Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and related systematic comparative methods recent advances and remaining challenges for social science research. Int Sociol 21(5): 679-706.
Rose A 2009. Economic Resilience to Disasters. Published Articles & Papers. Jun [cited 2015 Sep 28]; 75: 59p. Available from: https://create.usc.edu/sites/default/files/publications/economicresiliencetodisasters_2.pdf
Sánchez A 2009. Crisis y empleo: del mercado de trabajo al modelo económico. Revista Trabajo Universidad de Huelva 22:17-46.
Schneider C, Wagemann C 2012. Set-Theoretic Methods for the Social Sciences: A Guide to Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 350 pp.
Simmie J, Martin R 2010. The economic resilience of regions: towards an evolutionary approach. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 3(1): 27–43.
Thiem A 2014. Mill’s methods, induction and case sensitivity in Qualitative Comparative Analysis: A comment on Hug (2013). Qualitative & Multi-Method Research 12(2):19-24.
Thiem A, Duşa A 2013. Boolean Minimization in Social Science Research: A Review of Current Software for Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). Soc Sci Comput Rev 31: 505-21.
Tridico P 2013. The impact of the economic crisis on EU labour markets: A comparative perspective. Int Labour Rev 152(2):175-190.
Tsiapa M, Kallioras D, Tzeremes NG 2018. The role of path-dependence in the resilience of EU regions. Eur Plan Stud 26(6):1099-1120.
Walker B, Gunderson L, Kinzig A, Folke, C, Carpenter S, Schultz, L 2006. A handful of heuristics and some propositions for understanding resilience in social-.ecological systems. Ecol Soc 11(1): 13.
Bahadur AV, Ibrahim M, Tanner T. The resilience renaissance? Unpacking of resilience for tackling climate change and disasters. IDS Research. [serial on the Internet]. 2010 Sep [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 1: [about 42p.] Available from: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/2368
Barakat B, Holler J, Prettner K, Schuste J. The impact of the crisis on labour and education in Europe. Vienna Institute of Demography. [serial on the Internet]. 2010 Jun [cited 2017 Jul 28]; 1006: [about 16p.]. Available from: https://www.oeaw.ac.at/fileadmin/subsites/Institute/VID/PDF/Publications/Working_Papers/WP2010_06.pdf
Barbieri P 2009. Flexible Employment and Inequality in Europe. Eur Sociol Rev 25(6): 621-628.
Baumgartner M 2013. Parsimony and Causality. Qual Quant 49: 839-856.
Berkes F, Folke C 1998. Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience, Cambridge University Press, New York, 459 pp.
Bernal-Verdugo LE, Furceri D, Guillaume D 2012. Labor Market Flexibility and Unemployment: New Empirical Evidence of Static and Dynamic Effects. Comp Econ Stud 54(2): 251-273.
Bigos M, Qaran W, Fenger M, Koster F, Mascini P, van deer Veen R 2013. Review essay on labour market resilience. Inspires Working papers. [cited 2013 Mar 2014]. 1(1):67p. Available from: http://www.inspires-research.eu/userfiles/D1_1%20Review%20Essay%20on%20Labour%20Market%20Resilience.pdf
Boschma R 2015. Towards an Evolutionary Perspective on Regional Resilience. Reg Stud 49(5): 733-751.
Brada J, Signorelli M 2012. Comparing Labor Market Performance: Some Stylized Facts and Key Findings. Comp Econ Stud 54 (2): 231–250.
Bristow G, Healy A 2014. Regional Resilience: An Agency Perspective. Reg Stud 48(5): 923-935.
Cazes S, Verick S, Heuer C 2009. Labour market policies in times of crisis. ILO Working Papers. [cited 2016 Jun 30]; 35: 47p. Available from: https://www.ilo.org/employment/Whatwedo/Publications/working-papers/WCMS_114973/lang--en/index.htm
Cesifo group.org [database on the Internet]. Munich: Cesinfo network; c2015- [cited 2015 Mar 8]. Available from: http://www.cesifo-group.de/DICE/fb/4DVa8WghU
Chapple K, Lester W 2010. The resilient regional labour market? The US case. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 3(1): 85–104.
Christopherson S, Michie J, Tyle P 2010. Regional resilience: theoretical and empirical perspectives. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 3 (1):3–10.
Crescenzi R, Luca D, Milio S 2016. The geography of the economic crisis in Europe: National macroeconomic conditions, regional structural factors and short-term economic performance. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 9(1):13–32.
Cuadrado-Roura JR Martin R, Maroto-Sánchez A 2016. The economic crisis in Europe: urban and regional consequences. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 9(1): 3–11.
Cuadrado-Roura JR, Maroto-Sánchez A 2016. Unbalanced regional resilience to the economic crisis in Spain: a tale of specialisation and productivity. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 9(1): 153–178.
Cueto, MB, Mayor M, Suárez P 2017. La resiliencia de las regiones españolas después de la gran recesión. Consejo Económico y Social del Principado de Asturias. [cited 2019 Oct 08]; 20: 97p. Available from: https://ria.asturias.es/RIA/bitstream/123456789/9285/1/Publicacion.pdf
Di Caro P 2014. Recessions, recoveries and regional resilience: evidence on Italy. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 8(2), 273-291.
Diodato D, Weterings ABR 2015. The resilience of regional labour markets to economic shocks: exploring the role of interactions among firms and workers. J Econ Geogr 15(4): 723–742.
Duval R, Eris M, Furceri D 2011. The Effects of Downturns on Labour Force Participation: Evidence and Causes. OECD Economics Department Working Papers. Jun [2016 Jun 30]; 875: 27p. Available from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/the-effects-of-downturns-on-labour-force-participation_5kg9q0nmbws8-en
Eichhorst W, Feil MT, Marx P 2010. What crisis? Patterns of adaptation in European labour markets. Applied Economics Quarterly Supplement. Jul [cited 2016 Jun 27]; 56 (61): 29-64. Available from: https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/5045/crisis-what-crisis-patterns-of-adaptation-in-european-labor-markets
European Central Bank 2012. Euro area labour markets and the crisis. Occasional paper series. 2012 Oct [cited 2016 Jun 27]; 138: 122p. Available from: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpops/ecbocp138.pdf
European Commission 2011. Labour Market Developments in Europe. European Economy. Jun [cited 2015 May 10]; 2: 179p. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/european_economy/2011/pdf/ee-2011-2_en.pdf
Eurostat Statistics [database on the Internet]. Luxembourg: Labour Statistics. Labour Force Survey (LFS). c1998- [cited 2015 Mar 8]. Available from: ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/labourmarket/statistics-illustrated
Fenger M, Koster F, Struyven L, van der Veen R 2014. Smart Policies or Sheer Luck? Labour Market Resilience in the Low Countries. Soc Policy Adm 48(4): 492–513.
Fernández C, Izquierdo M 2013. El ajuste de los mercados laborales europeos desde el inicio de la crisis. Banco de España, Boletín Económico. Feb [cited 2016 Jun 26]; 45: 12p. Available from: http://www.bde.es/f/webbde/SES/Secciones/Publicaciones/InformesBoletinesRevistas/BoletinEconomico/13/Feb/Fich/be1302-art4.pdf
Fingleton B, Garretsen H, Martin R 2012. Recessionary shocks and regional employment: evidence on the resilience of U.K. regions. J Reg Sci 52(1): 109–133.
Folke C, Carpenter SR, Walker B, Scheffer M, Chapin T, Rockström J 2010. Resilience thinking: integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecol Soc 15(4): 1-16.
Gal P, Theising A 2015. The macroeconomic impact of structural policies on labour market outcomes in OECD countries: A reassessment. OECD Economics Department Working Papers. Nov [cited 2017 Jun 25]; 1271: 65p. Available from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/paper/5jrqc6t8ktjf-en
Guichard S, Rusticelli E 2010. Assessing the Impact of the Financial Crisis on Structural Unemployment in OECD Countries. OECD Economics Department Working Papers. 2010 Oct [cited 2017 Jul 01]; 767: 25p. Available from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/paper/5kmftp8khfjg-en
Heyes J 2011. Flexicurity, employment protection and the jobs crisis. Work Employ Soc 25(4): 642–657.
Heyes J 2013. Flexicurity in crisis: European labour market policies in a time of austerity. Eur J Ind Relat 19(1): 71–86.
Hijzen A, Kappeler A, Pak M, Schwellnus C 2017. Labour market resilience: The role of structural and macroeconomic policies. OECD Employment Outlook 2017. Jun [cited 2019 Oct 08]: 47 – 79p. Available from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2017/labour-market-resilience-the-role-of-structural-and-macroeconomic-policies_empl_outlook-2017-6-en
Holling CS 1973. Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 4:1-23.
Hug S 2013. Qualitative comparative analysis: How inductive use and measurement error lead to problematic inference. Political Anal 21(2): 252-265.
Kane H, Lewis MA, Williams PA, Kahwati LC 2014. Using qualitative comparative analysis to understand and quantify translation and implementation. Transl Behav Med 4(2): 201-208.
Lallement M 2011. Europe and the economic crisis: forms of labour market adjustment and varieties of capitalism. Work Employ Soc 25(4): 627– 641.
Liebert N 2010. Employment Policy in Times of Crisis. From a Job-Rich Recovery to Sustainable Structural Change. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Jun [cited 2017 May 20]. Available from: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/global/07286.pdf
Lisnyak S 2015. Literature review regarding the concept of resilience and its assessment in the context of the economic dimension. CES Working Papers, Centre for European Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University. Sep [cited 2016 Apr 26];7(2a):511-518, September. Available from: https://ideas.repec.org/a/jes/wpaper/y2015v7i2ap511-518.html
Loy G 2017. El modelo europeo de política de empleo en el contexto ideológico de la Unión Europea. In Cardona MB, Cordero V. Cambio laboral y políticas inclusivas. Universitat de València, Valencia, p. 15-31.
Lungová M 2013. The resilience of regions to economic shocks. Studia Reg i Lokal 4(66): 30-47.
Marelli E, Signorelli M, Tyrowicz J 2012. Crises and joint employment-productivity dynamics: A comparative perspective for European countries. Comp Econ Stud 54(2): 361–394.
Martin R 2012. Regional Economic Resilience, Hysteresis and Recessionary Shocks. J Econ Geogr 12(1):1-32.
Martin R, Sunley P 2014. On the Notion of Regional Economic Resilience: Conceptualisation and Explanation. J Econ Geogr 15(1):1-42.
Martínez-Molina S, Sabater P, Garcés J 2016. Identifying Resilient and Non-Resilient Labour Conditions in Europe using Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Eur j econ bus stud 6(1):129-141.
Miguélez F, Prieto C 2009. Trasformaciones del empleo, flexibilidad y relaciones laborales en Europa. Política y Sociedad 46(1): 275-287.
OECD. OECD Employment Outlook 2010: Moving beyond the Jobs Crisis OECD Publishing. 2010 Jul [cited 2013 Sep 20]: 308p. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/employment/emp/48806664.pdf
OECD. OECD Employment Outlook 2012. OECD Publishing. 2012 Jul [cited 2013 Sep 20]: 260p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/empl_outlook-2012-en
Pendall R, Foster K, Cowell M 2009. Resilience and regions: building understanding of the metaphor. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 3(1): 71-84.
Ragin C 1987. The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies, University of California Press, California, 218 pp.
Ragin C 2006a. Set relations in social research: Evaluating their consistency and coverage. Political Anal 14(3): 291–310.
Ragin C 2006b. How to Lure Analytic Social Science Out of the Doldrums Some Lessons from Comparative Research. Int Sociol 21(5): 633-646.
Rihoux B 2006. Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and related systematic comparative methods recent advances and remaining challenges for social science research. Int Sociol 21(5): 679-706.
Rose A 2009. Economic Resilience to Disasters. Published Articles & Papers. Jun [cited 2015 Sep 28]; 75: 59p. Available from: https://create.usc.edu/sites/default/files/publications/economicresiliencetodisasters_2.pdf
Sánchez A 2009. Crisis y empleo: del mercado de trabajo al modelo económico. Revista Trabajo Universidad de Huelva 22:17-46.
Schneider C, Wagemann C 2012. Set-Theoretic Methods for the Social Sciences: A Guide to Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 350 pp.
Simmie J, Martin R 2010. The economic resilience of regions: towards an evolutionary approach. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 3(1): 27–43.
Thiem A 2014. Mill’s methods, induction and case sensitivity in Qualitative Comparative Analysis: A comment on Hug (2013). Qualitative & Multi-Method Research 12(2):19-24.
Thiem A, Duşa A 2013. Boolean Minimization in Social Science Research: A Review of Current Software for Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). Soc Sci Comput Rev 31: 505-21.
Tridico P 2013. The impact of the economic crisis on EU labour markets: A comparative perspective. Int Labour Rev 152(2):175-190.
Tsiapa M, Kallioras D, Tzeremes NG 2018. The role of path-dependence in the resilience of EU regions. Eur Plan Stud 26(6):1099-1120.
Walker B, Gunderson L, Kinzig A, Folke, C, Carpenter S, Schultz, L 2006. A handful of heuristics and some propositions for understanding resilience in social-.ecological systems. Ecol Soc 11(1): 13.
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2021-12-28
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MARTÍNEZ-MOLINA, Sandra; PAVÍA, Paula Sabater; FERRER, Jorge Garcés. Long-term Resilient Labour Strategies to Deal with the Economic Crisis in Europe Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). Fronteiras - Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 10, n. 3, p. 9–23, 2021. DOI: 10.21664/2238-8869.2021v10i3.p9-23. Disponível em: https://periodicos.unievangelica.edu.br/index.php/fronteiras/article/view/3230. Acesso em: 27 nov. 2024.
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