Gum of Terminalia argentea Mart. Et. Zucc. (Combretaceae) as a Resource in Biotechnology Processes: Chemistry and Toxicity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2019v8i2.p52-72Keywords:
Capitão-do-Campo, Biopolymer, Ecological ToxicityAbstract
Biodegradable polymers are in areas such as pharmaceutical, food and bioremediation processes. Isolation, characterization (SEM, FTIR, TGA, Monosaccharide Composition, Zeta Potential), antimicrobial activity and toxicity to Artemia salina and Allium cepa L. from the in natura gummy exudate of Terminalia argentea (GTa) are presented herein. The data show irregular morphology and depressions, bands in 1770, 2112, 1354 cm-1, indicating groups of polysaccharides, amphiphilic character, thermo-degradation above 300 ° C and low water activity (0.6). The assays were negative for S. aureus and E. coli, nontoxic against the bioindicators tested. GTa presented low cost, extracted and isolated in a sustainable way, with possibility of commercial exploitation by communities, since these biopolymers present possibilities of applications as agents in the support of immobilization of enzymes, as sensors in diagnostics, encapsulating material in processes of microencapsulation of drugs and additives in food industries.
References
Albuquerque TL, Peirce S, Rueda N, Fernandes-Lafuente R 2016. Ion exchange of β-galactosidase: The effect of the immobilization pH on enzyme stability. Process Biochem 51(7):875-880.
Alves SF, Borges LL, Dos Santos TO, Paula JR, Conceição EC, Bara MTF 2014. Microencapsulation of Essential Oil from Fruits of Pterodon emarginatus Using Gum Arabic and Maltodextrin as Wall Materials: Composition and Stability. Dry Technol 32(1):96-105.
Andrade KCS 2013. Goma de cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale): avaliação das modificações químicas e físicas por extrusão termoplástica. Polimer 23(5):667-671.
Araújo DV, Chaves MH 2005. Triterpenóides pentacíclicos das folhas de Terminalia brasiliensis. Quim Nova 28(6):996-999.
Araújo TSL, Costa DS, Sousa NA, Souza LKM, Araújo S, Oliveira AP, Sousa FBM, Silva DA, Barbosa ALR, Leite RSA, Medeiros JVR 2015. Antidiarrheal activity of cashew gum, a complex heteropolysaccharide extracted from exudate of Anacardium occidentale L. J of Ethnoph 174:299-307.
Arthur DE, Gimba CE, Nnabuk EO 2014. Miscibility Studies of Cashew Gum and Khaya Gum Exudates in Dilute Solution by Viscometry and FTIR Analysis. AJER 8(3):01-12.
BeMiller JN, Huber KC 2010. Carboidratos. In S Damodaran, KL Parkin, OR Fennema. Química de Alimentos de Fennema. Porto Alegre, p. 75-130.
Bilal M, Asgher M, Iqbal M, Hu H, Zhang X 2016. Chitosan beads immobilized manganese peroxidase catalyticpotential for detoxification and decolorization of textile efluente. Int J of Biol Macromol 89:181-189.
Bradford M 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitaion of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72: 248-254.
Brasil (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) 2010. Farmacopeia Brasileira 1(5):.
Camparoto ML, Teixeira RO, Mantovani MS, Vicentini VEO 2002. Effects of Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. and Bauhinia candicans Benth infusions on onion root-tip and rat bone-marrow cells. Genet Mol Biol 25:85-89.
Cano-Chauca M, Stringheta PC, Ramos AM, Vidal J 2005. Effect of the carriers on the microstructure of mango powder obtained by spray drying and its functional characterization. Inn Food Sci and Emerg Technol 6:420-428.
Chaves MA, Citó AMGL, Lopes JAD, Costa DA, Oliveira CA, Costa AF, Brito-Junior FEM 2010. Fenóis totais, atividade antioxidante e constituintes químicos de extratos de Anacardium occidentale L., Anacardiaceae. Rev Bras Farmacogn 20(1):106-112.
Chung YC, Kobayashi T, Akiba T, Kudo T 1995. Purification and properties of extracellular amylase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus profundus DT5432. Appl Environ Microb 1(4):1502-1506.
CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute) 2010. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 20th Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S20. Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute, Wayne, PA.
Cock IE, Van Vuuren SF 2015. South African food and medicinal plant extracts as potential antimicrobial food agentes. J Food Sci Technol 52(11):6879-6899.
Daoub RMA, Elmubarak AH, Misran M, Hassan EA, Osman ME 2016. Characterization and Functional Properties of some Natural Acacia Gums. J Saudi Soc Agri Sci 17(3):241-249.
De Paula R, Heatley F, Budd PM 1998. Characterization of Anacardium occidentale exudate polysaccharide. Polym Int 45(1):27-35.
Delfini FT 2016. Microencapsulação de óleo de semtem de maracujá através da secagem por atomização, Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de Campinas, 113pp.
Dolabela MF 1997. Triagem in vitro para atividade antitumoral e anti Trypanosoma cruzi de extratos vegetais, produtos naturais e substâncias sintéticas. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 128pp.
Fahmy NM, Al-Sayed E, Singab AN 2015. Genus Terminalia: a phytochemical and biological review. (Montin.) Species Med Aromat Plants 4: 218.
Fiskesjo G 1985. The Allium test: a standard in environmental monitoring. Hereditas 102:99-112.
Franchetti SMM, Marconato JC 2006. Polímeros biodegradáveis - Uma solução parcial para diminuir a quantidade de resíduos plásticos. Quim Nova 29(4):811-816.
Funami T, Nakauma M, Ishihara S, Tanaka R, Inoue T, Phillips GO 2011. Structural modifications of sugar beet pectin and the relationship of structure to functionality. Food Hydrocoll 25(2):221-229.
Garcez FR, Garcez WS, Martins M, Lopes FA 2003. Triterpenoids, lignan and flavans from Terminalia argentea (Combretaceae). Biochem System and Ecol 31:229-232.
Gran View Research [homepage on the Internet]. Fibers and specialty carbohydrates market analysis by application (functional food, functional beverage, dietary supplements, animal nutrition, personal care) and segment forecasts to 2024. [updated 2016 Aug; cited 18 set 2018]. Gran View Research; [about 3 screens] Available from: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/fibers-specialty-carbohydrates-market.
Labuza TP 1977. The properties of water in relationship to water binding in foods: A review. J of Food Process and Preserv 1:167-190.
Lomonaco D, Maia FJN, Clemente CS, Mota JPF, Costa-Júnior AE, Mazzeto SE 2012. Thermal studies of new biodiesel antioxidants synthesized from a natural occurring phenolic lipid. Fuel 97:552-559.
Lorenzi H 2008. Árvores Brasileiras: Manual de Identificação e Cultivo de Plantas Arbóreas do Brasil, 5.ed. Instituto Plantarum, Nova Odessa, SP.
Luz AC, Pretti IR, Dutra JCV, Batitucci MCP 2012. Avaliação do potencial citotóxico e genotóxico de Plantago major L. em sistemas teste in vivo. Rev bras Plant med 14(4):635-642.
Marques MA, Xavier-Filho J 1991.Enzymatic and inhibitory activities of cashew gum exudate. Phytochem 30(5):143-1433.
Mirhosseini H, Tan CP, Hamid NAA, Yusof S 2008. Effect of Arabic gum, xanthan gum and orange oil contents on ζ-potential, conductivity, stability, size index and pH of orange beverage emulsion. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 315:47-56.
Mishra PR, Al Shaal L, Müller RH, Keck CM 2009. Production and characterization of Hesperetin nano suspensions for dermal delivery. Int J of Pharm 371(1):182-189.
Molina-Salinas GM, Said-Fernández S 2006. A modified microplate cytotoxicity assay with brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina). Pharmacol 3:633-638.
Monthé CR, Rao MA 2000. Thermal behavior of gum arabic incomparison with cashew gum. Thermoch Acta 357:9-13.
Nussinovitch A 1997. Exudate gums. In Hydrocolloid applications: gum technology in the food and other industries. Blackie Academic & Professional, London, 345pp.
Parvez S, Rahman MM, Khan MA, Khan MAH, Islanm JMM, Ahmed M, Rahman MF, Ahmed B 2012. Preparation and characterization of artificial skin using chitosan and gelatin composites for potential biomedical application. Polym Bull 69(6):715-731.
Pereira AS 2015. Avaliação do potencial mutagênico da água de retorno das lavouras de arroz de Capivarido Sul (Rio Capivari, RS) através do sistema teste Allium cepa. Monografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 41pp.
Pitalua E, Jimenez M, Vermon-Carter EJ, Beristain CI 2010. Antioxidative activity of microcapsules with beetroot juice using gum arabic as wall material. Food and Bioproc Process 88:253-258.
Porto BC, Cristianini M 2014. Evaluation of cashew tree gum (Anacardium occidentale L.) emulsifying properties. Lwt-Food Sci and Tech 59:1325-1331.
Prapajati VD, Jani GK, Naresh GM, Moradiya NG, Randeira NP, Nagar BJ, Naikwadi NN, Variya BC 2013. Galactomannan: A versatile biodegradable seed polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 60:83-92.
Radi PA, Terrones MGH 2007. Metabólitos secundários de plantas medicinais. Rev Bras Farm 20(2):18-22.
Ramalho IMM 2014. Biopolímero da Goma de Cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale) como potencial excipiente farmacêutico, Monografia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 27pp.
Ramesh H, Tharanathan RN 1999. Water-extrated polysaccharides of selected cereals and influence of temperature on the extractability of polisaccharides in sorghum. Food Chem 64:345-350.
Rao K, Sudarshan RP, Rajasekhar MD, Nagaraju N, Appa Rao CH 2003. Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia pallida fruit in alloxan induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 85(1):169-72.
Ribeiro AJ, De Souza FRL, Bezerra JMNA 2016. Gums’ based delivery systems: review on cashew gum and its derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 147:188-200.
Ribeiro RV, Bieski IGC, Balogun SO, Martins DTO 2017. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Ribeirinhos in the North Araguaia microregion, Mato Grosso, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 205:69-102.
Rodrigues JF, De Paula RCM, Costa SM 1993. Métodos de Isolamento de Gomas Naturais: Comparação Através da Goma do Cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L). Polímeros 3(1):31-36.
Saleem A, Husheem M, Härkönen P, Pihlaja K 2002. Inhibition of cancer cell growth by crude extract and the phenolics of Terminalia chebula retz. fruit. J Ethnopharmacol 81(3):327-36.
Sekkal N, Taleb-Mokhtari IN, Sekkal-Rahal M, Bleckmann P, Vergoten G 2003. Harmonic dynamics of a- and b-methyl-D-galactopyranoside in the crystalline state. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 59:2883-2896.
Silva TM, Souza ERB, De Paula JAM, Borges LL, Caramori SS 2017. Chemical Characterization and Bioprospecting of Cashew Tree Polyssacharide of Brazilian Cerrado (Anacardium othonianum Rizz.), Anarcadiaceae. Fronteiras: J of Soc Technol and Env Sci 6(3):230-246.
Silverstein RM, Bassler GC, Morril TC 2013. Identificação Espectrométrica de Compostos Orgânicos. 5.ed. Guanabara 2, Rio de Janeiro.
Sudhakar R, Ninge KN, Gowda N, Venu G 2001. Mitotic abnormalities induced by silk dyeing industry effluents in the cells of Allium cepa. Cytologia 66:235-239.
Tabarsa M, Anvari M, Joyner HS, Behnam S, Tabarsa A 2017. Rheological behavior and antioxidant activity of a highly acidic gum from Althaea officinalis flower. Food Hydrocol 69:432-439.
Varma AJ, Kokane SP, Pathak G, Pradhan SD 1997. Thermal behavior of galactomannan guar gum and its periodate oxidation products. Carbohy Polym 32:111-114.
Villetti MA, Crespo JS, Soldi MS, Pires ATN, Borsali R, Soldi V 2002. Thermal degradation of natural polymer. J of Therm Anal Calorim 67:295-303.
Wolfrom ML, Tompson A 1963. Reduction with sodium borohydride. Methods in carbohydrate chemistry 2:65-68.
Yamashita FY, Fernandes KF 2012. Biodegradable and bioactive CGP/PVA film for fungal growth inhibition. Carbohydr Polym 89:964-970.
Zohuriaan MJ, Shokrolahi F 2004. Thermal studies on natural and modified gums. Polym Test 23(5):575-579.
Zuin VG, Budarin VL, De Bruyn M, Shuttleworth PS, Hunt AJ, Pluciennik C, Borisova A, Dodson JR, Parker HL, Clark JH 2017. Polysaccharide-derived mesoporous materials (Starbon®) for sustainable separation of complex mixtures. Faraday Discuss 202.
Alves SF, Borges LL, Dos Santos TO, Paula JR, Conceição EC, Bara MTF 2014. Microencapsulation of Essential Oil from Fruits of Pterodon emarginatus Using Gum Arabic and Maltodextrin as Wall Materials: Composition and Stability. Dry Technol 32(1):96-105.
Andrade KCS 2013. Goma de cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale): avaliação das modificações químicas e físicas por extrusão termoplástica. Polimer 23(5):667-671.
Araújo DV, Chaves MH 2005. Triterpenóides pentacíclicos das folhas de Terminalia brasiliensis. Quim Nova 28(6):996-999.
Araújo TSL, Costa DS, Sousa NA, Souza LKM, Araújo S, Oliveira AP, Sousa FBM, Silva DA, Barbosa ALR, Leite RSA, Medeiros JVR 2015. Antidiarrheal activity of cashew gum, a complex heteropolysaccharide extracted from exudate of Anacardium occidentale L. J of Ethnoph 174:299-307.
Arthur DE, Gimba CE, Nnabuk EO 2014. Miscibility Studies of Cashew Gum and Khaya Gum Exudates in Dilute Solution by Viscometry and FTIR Analysis. AJER 8(3):01-12.
BeMiller JN, Huber KC 2010. Carboidratos. In S Damodaran, KL Parkin, OR Fennema. Química de Alimentos de Fennema. Porto Alegre, p. 75-130.
Bilal M, Asgher M, Iqbal M, Hu H, Zhang X 2016. Chitosan beads immobilized manganese peroxidase catalyticpotential for detoxification and decolorization of textile efluente. Int J of Biol Macromol 89:181-189.
Bradford M 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitaion of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72: 248-254.
Brasil (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) 2010. Farmacopeia Brasileira 1(5):.
Camparoto ML, Teixeira RO, Mantovani MS, Vicentini VEO 2002. Effects of Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. and Bauhinia candicans Benth infusions on onion root-tip and rat bone-marrow cells. Genet Mol Biol 25:85-89.
Cano-Chauca M, Stringheta PC, Ramos AM, Vidal J 2005. Effect of the carriers on the microstructure of mango powder obtained by spray drying and its functional characterization. Inn Food Sci and Emerg Technol 6:420-428.
Chaves MA, Citó AMGL, Lopes JAD, Costa DA, Oliveira CA, Costa AF, Brito-Junior FEM 2010. Fenóis totais, atividade antioxidante e constituintes químicos de extratos de Anacardium occidentale L., Anacardiaceae. Rev Bras Farmacogn 20(1):106-112.
Chung YC, Kobayashi T, Akiba T, Kudo T 1995. Purification and properties of extracellular amylase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus profundus DT5432. Appl Environ Microb 1(4):1502-1506.
CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute) 2010. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 20th Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S20. Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute, Wayne, PA.
Cock IE, Van Vuuren SF 2015. South African food and medicinal plant extracts as potential antimicrobial food agentes. J Food Sci Technol 52(11):6879-6899.
Daoub RMA, Elmubarak AH, Misran M, Hassan EA, Osman ME 2016. Characterization and Functional Properties of some Natural Acacia Gums. J Saudi Soc Agri Sci 17(3):241-249.
De Paula R, Heatley F, Budd PM 1998. Characterization of Anacardium occidentale exudate polysaccharide. Polym Int 45(1):27-35.
Delfini FT 2016. Microencapsulação de óleo de semtem de maracujá através da secagem por atomização, Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de Campinas, 113pp.
Dolabela MF 1997. Triagem in vitro para atividade antitumoral e anti Trypanosoma cruzi de extratos vegetais, produtos naturais e substâncias sintéticas. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 128pp.
Fahmy NM, Al-Sayed E, Singab AN 2015. Genus Terminalia: a phytochemical and biological review. (Montin.) Species Med Aromat Plants 4: 218.
Fiskesjo G 1985. The Allium test: a standard in environmental monitoring. Hereditas 102:99-112.
Franchetti SMM, Marconato JC 2006. Polímeros biodegradáveis - Uma solução parcial para diminuir a quantidade de resíduos plásticos. Quim Nova 29(4):811-816.
Funami T, Nakauma M, Ishihara S, Tanaka R, Inoue T, Phillips GO 2011. Structural modifications of sugar beet pectin and the relationship of structure to functionality. Food Hydrocoll 25(2):221-229.
Garcez FR, Garcez WS, Martins M, Lopes FA 2003. Triterpenoids, lignan and flavans from Terminalia argentea (Combretaceae). Biochem System and Ecol 31:229-232.
Gran View Research [homepage on the Internet]. Fibers and specialty carbohydrates market analysis by application (functional food, functional beverage, dietary supplements, animal nutrition, personal care) and segment forecasts to 2024. [updated 2016 Aug; cited 18 set 2018]. Gran View Research; [about 3 screens] Available from: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/fibers-specialty-carbohydrates-market.
Labuza TP 1977. The properties of water in relationship to water binding in foods: A review. J of Food Process and Preserv 1:167-190.
Lomonaco D, Maia FJN, Clemente CS, Mota JPF, Costa-Júnior AE, Mazzeto SE 2012. Thermal studies of new biodiesel antioxidants synthesized from a natural occurring phenolic lipid. Fuel 97:552-559.
Lorenzi H 2008. Árvores Brasileiras: Manual de Identificação e Cultivo de Plantas Arbóreas do Brasil, 5.ed. Instituto Plantarum, Nova Odessa, SP.
Luz AC, Pretti IR, Dutra JCV, Batitucci MCP 2012. Avaliação do potencial citotóxico e genotóxico de Plantago major L. em sistemas teste in vivo. Rev bras Plant med 14(4):635-642.
Marques MA, Xavier-Filho J 1991.Enzymatic and inhibitory activities of cashew gum exudate. Phytochem 30(5):143-1433.
Mirhosseini H, Tan CP, Hamid NAA, Yusof S 2008. Effect of Arabic gum, xanthan gum and orange oil contents on ζ-potential, conductivity, stability, size index and pH of orange beverage emulsion. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 315:47-56.
Mishra PR, Al Shaal L, Müller RH, Keck CM 2009. Production and characterization of Hesperetin nano suspensions for dermal delivery. Int J of Pharm 371(1):182-189.
Molina-Salinas GM, Said-Fernández S 2006. A modified microplate cytotoxicity assay with brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina). Pharmacol 3:633-638.
Monthé CR, Rao MA 2000. Thermal behavior of gum arabic incomparison with cashew gum. Thermoch Acta 357:9-13.
Nussinovitch A 1997. Exudate gums. In Hydrocolloid applications: gum technology in the food and other industries. Blackie Academic & Professional, London, 345pp.
Parvez S, Rahman MM, Khan MA, Khan MAH, Islanm JMM, Ahmed M, Rahman MF, Ahmed B 2012. Preparation and characterization of artificial skin using chitosan and gelatin composites for potential biomedical application. Polym Bull 69(6):715-731.
Pereira AS 2015. Avaliação do potencial mutagênico da água de retorno das lavouras de arroz de Capivarido Sul (Rio Capivari, RS) através do sistema teste Allium cepa. Monografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 41pp.
Pitalua E, Jimenez M, Vermon-Carter EJ, Beristain CI 2010. Antioxidative activity of microcapsules with beetroot juice using gum arabic as wall material. Food and Bioproc Process 88:253-258.
Porto BC, Cristianini M 2014. Evaluation of cashew tree gum (Anacardium occidentale L.) emulsifying properties. Lwt-Food Sci and Tech 59:1325-1331.
Prapajati VD, Jani GK, Naresh GM, Moradiya NG, Randeira NP, Nagar BJ, Naikwadi NN, Variya BC 2013. Galactomannan: A versatile biodegradable seed polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 60:83-92.
Radi PA, Terrones MGH 2007. Metabólitos secundários de plantas medicinais. Rev Bras Farm 20(2):18-22.
Ramalho IMM 2014. Biopolímero da Goma de Cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale) como potencial excipiente farmacêutico, Monografia, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 27pp.
Ramesh H, Tharanathan RN 1999. Water-extrated polysaccharides of selected cereals and influence of temperature on the extractability of polisaccharides in sorghum. Food Chem 64:345-350.
Rao K, Sudarshan RP, Rajasekhar MD, Nagaraju N, Appa Rao CH 2003. Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia pallida fruit in alloxan induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 85(1):169-72.
Ribeiro AJ, De Souza FRL, Bezerra JMNA 2016. Gums’ based delivery systems: review on cashew gum and its derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 147:188-200.
Ribeiro RV, Bieski IGC, Balogun SO, Martins DTO 2017. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Ribeirinhos in the North Araguaia microregion, Mato Grosso, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 205:69-102.
Rodrigues JF, De Paula RCM, Costa SM 1993. Métodos de Isolamento de Gomas Naturais: Comparação Através da Goma do Cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L). Polímeros 3(1):31-36.
Saleem A, Husheem M, Härkönen P, Pihlaja K 2002. Inhibition of cancer cell growth by crude extract and the phenolics of Terminalia chebula retz. fruit. J Ethnopharmacol 81(3):327-36.
Sekkal N, Taleb-Mokhtari IN, Sekkal-Rahal M, Bleckmann P, Vergoten G 2003. Harmonic dynamics of a- and b-methyl-D-galactopyranoside in the crystalline state. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 59:2883-2896.
Silva TM, Souza ERB, De Paula JAM, Borges LL, Caramori SS 2017. Chemical Characterization and Bioprospecting of Cashew Tree Polyssacharide of Brazilian Cerrado (Anacardium othonianum Rizz.), Anarcadiaceae. Fronteiras: J of Soc Technol and Env Sci 6(3):230-246.
Silverstein RM, Bassler GC, Morril TC 2013. Identificação Espectrométrica de Compostos Orgânicos. 5.ed. Guanabara 2, Rio de Janeiro.
Sudhakar R, Ninge KN, Gowda N, Venu G 2001. Mitotic abnormalities induced by silk dyeing industry effluents in the cells of Allium cepa. Cytologia 66:235-239.
Tabarsa M, Anvari M, Joyner HS, Behnam S, Tabarsa A 2017. Rheological behavior and antioxidant activity of a highly acidic gum from Althaea officinalis flower. Food Hydrocol 69:432-439.
Varma AJ, Kokane SP, Pathak G, Pradhan SD 1997. Thermal behavior of galactomannan guar gum and its periodate oxidation products. Carbohy Polym 32:111-114.
Villetti MA, Crespo JS, Soldi MS, Pires ATN, Borsali R, Soldi V 2002. Thermal degradation of natural polymer. J of Therm Anal Calorim 67:295-303.
Wolfrom ML, Tompson A 1963. Reduction with sodium borohydride. Methods in carbohydrate chemistry 2:65-68.
Yamashita FY, Fernandes KF 2012. Biodegradable and bioactive CGP/PVA film for fungal growth inhibition. Carbohydr Polym 89:964-970.
Zohuriaan MJ, Shokrolahi F 2004. Thermal studies on natural and modified gums. Polym Test 23(5):575-579.
Zuin VG, Budarin VL, De Bruyn M, Shuttleworth PS, Hunt AJ, Pluciennik C, Borisova A, Dodson JR, Parker HL, Clark JH 2017. Polysaccharide-derived mesoporous materials (Starbon®) for sustainable separation of complex mixtures. Faraday Discuss 202.
Downloads
Published
2019-05-01
How to Cite
E SILVA, Thâmara Machado; PINTO, Osvaldo Gomes; DA SILVA, Lucas Leonardo; DE PAIVA, Raissa Kelly Correa; BORGES, Leonardo Luiz; CARAMORI, Samantha Salomão. Gum of Terminalia argentea Mart. Et. Zucc. (Combretaceae) as a Resource in Biotechnology Processes: Chemistry and Toxicity. Fronteiras - Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 52–72, 2019. DOI: 10.21664/2238-8869.2019v8i2.p52-72. Disponível em: https://periodicos.unievangelica.edu.br/index.php/fronteiras/article/view/3169. Acesso em: 23 nov. 2024.
Issue
Section
Dossier - Technologies, Innovation and Sustainability
License
This journal offers immediate free access to its content, following the principle that providing free scientific knowledge to the public, we provides greater global democratization of knowledge.
As of the publication in the journal the authors have copyright and publication rights of their articles without restrictions.
The Revista Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science follows the legal precepts of the Creative Commons - Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International. 
