Boas Práticas de Transferência de Tecnologia: O Caso Estadunidense do Escritório de Transferência de Tecnologia da Universidade da Universidade de Michigan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2022v11i2.p150-166Palavras-chave:
transferência de tecnologia, universidade, observação participante, desenvolvimentoResumo
O tema desta pesquisa está inserido no contexto das discussões sobre o papel da universidade na transferência de tecnologia para a sociedade como estratégia de desenvolvimento sustentável. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar as boas práticas utilizadas no Escritório de Transferência de Tecnologia da Universidade de Michigan, nos EUA, a partir de estudo de campo baseado em observação participante, entrevistas e pesquisa documental. A finalidade é a realização de benchmarking para fundamentar a construção de políticas e estratégias para superar as barreiras referentes à transferência de tecnologia em contextos territoriais diversos. Os resultados apontam para experiências relacionadas à importância do ambiente institucional em que está inserido o escritório, à existência de infraestrutura adequada, recursos financeiros para fases intermediárias dos projetos e recursos humanos qualificados na universidade, à gestão da propriedade intelectual e à importância do desenvolvimento de uma cultura propícia à interação entre a universidade e os demais setores socioeconômicos.
Referências
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Audretsch DB, Lehmann EE, Wright M 2014. Technology transfer in a global economy. The Journal of Technology Transfer 39(3): 301-312 [cited 2021 Feb 7]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10961-012-9283-6
Bec.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020 [cited 2020 Feb 2]. Available from: https://bec.umich.edu
Berbegal-Mirabent J, García JL, Ribeiro-Soriano DE 2015. University–industry partnerships for the provision of R&D services. Journal of Business Research 68 (7): 1407-1413 [cited 2021 Feb 7]. Available from: https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jbrese/v68y2015i7p1407-1413.html
Cherney A, Head B, Boreham P, Povey J, Ferguson M 2012. Perspectives of academic social scientists on knowledge transfer and research collaborations: a cross-sectional survey of Australian academics. Evidence & Policy 8(4): 433-453 [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/ep/2012/00000008/00000004/art00003
Closs L, Ferreira G, Brasil V, Sampaio C, Perin M. 2013. What motivates Brazilian academic researchers to transfer technology? Journal of Technology Management & Innovation 8(4): 79-90 [cited 2021 Feb 13]. Available from: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-27242013000500008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=n
Closs L, Ferreira G, Soria A, Sampaio C, Perin M. 2012. Organizational factors that affect the university-industry technology transfer processes of a private university. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation 7(1): 104-117 [cited 2021 Feb 15]. Available from: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-27242012000100007&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
Closs LQ, Ferreira GC 2012. A transferência de tecnologia universidade-empresa no contexto brasileiro: uma revisão de estudos científicos publicados entre os anos 2005 e 2009. Gestão & Produção 19(2): 419-432 [cited 2021 Feb 1]. Available from: https://www.scielo.br/pdf/gp/v19n2/v19n2a14.pdf
Collins S, Wakoh H 2000. Universities and technology transfer in Japan: recent reforms in historical perspective. The Journal of Technology Transfer 25(2):213-222.
De Wit-De Vries E et al. 2019. Knowledge transfer in university–industry research partnerships: a review. The Journal of Technology Transfer 44: 1236–1255 [cited 2021 Feb 15]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10961-018-9660-x
Debackere K 2012. The TTO: a university engine transforming science into innovation. LERU Advice Paper 10: 1-14 [cited 2021 Feb 15]. Available from: https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/199752
Economicgrowth.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020 [cited 2020 Feb 2]. Available from: https://economicgrowth.umich.edu
Especialistas, S. Interview by Heloisa Cortiani de Oliveira. Ann Arbor May/Jul, 2019.
Etzkowitz H, Leydesdorff,L 2000. The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy 29(2): 109-123 [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048733399000554
Faria JH, Walger C 2020. O lugar da universidade pública: referência social ou fator de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas? NUPEM 12(27): 12-33 [cited 2021 Sep 13]. Available from: http://revistanupem.unespar.edu.br/index.php/nupem/issue/view/28
Friedman J, Silberman J 2003. University technology transfer: do incentives, management, and location matter? The Journal of Technology Transfer 28(1):17-30 [cited 2021 Apr 4]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1021674618658
Gassmann O, Enkel E 2004. Towards a theory of open innovation: three core process archetypes. R&D Management Conference Proceedings [about 18 p.] [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/274
Geuna A, Muscio A 2009. The governance of university knowledge transfer: a critical review of the literature. Minerva 47(1): 93-114 [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11024-009-9118-2
Gielfi GG, Furtado A, Tijssen RJ 2016. R&D funding policy and university-industry research collaboration in Brazil: the case of Petrobras. Blucher Engineering Proceedings 3(4): 1277-1294 [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.proceedings.blucher.com.br/article-details/rd-funding-policy-and-university-industry-research-collaboration-in-brazil-the-case-of-petrobras-25344
Guion LA, Diehl, DC, McDonald D 2011. Triangulation: establishing the validity of qualitative studies: FCS6014/FY394 Edis 2011(8): 1-3 [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:X5VYM0sJ1dwJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=pt-BR&as_sdt=0,5
Hofer F 2009. The improvement of technology transfer: an analysis of practices between Graz University of Technology and Styrian companies. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Wiesbaden, 209 pp.
Jamil F, Ismail K, Mahmood N 2015. A review of commercialization tools: university incubators and technology parks. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 5 (1S): 223-228.
Macho-Stadler I, Pérez-Castrillo D, Veugelers R 2007. Licensing of university inventions: the role of a technology transfer office. International Journal of Industrial Organization 25(3): 483-510 [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016771870600083X
Markman GD, Gianiodis PT, Phan PH, Balkin DB 2005. Innovation speed: transferring university technology to market. Research policy 34(7): 1058-1075 [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048733305001022
Mowery DC 2005. The Bayh-Dole Act and high-technology entrepreneurship in US universities: chicken, egg, or something else? Innovation and Economic Growth 16: 39–68 [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1016/S1048-4736(05)16002-0/full/html
Mowery DC, Sampat BN 2004. The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 and university–industry technology transfer: a model for other OECD governments? The Journal of Technology Transfer 30(1): 115-127 [cited 2020 Sep 16]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10961-004-4361-z
Muscio A 2010. What drives the university use of technology transfer offices?: evidence from Italy. The Journal of Technology Transfer 35(2): 181-202 [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10961-009-9121-7
Muscio A, Vallanti G 2014. Perceived obstacles to university–industry collaboration: results from a qualitative survey of Italian academic departments. Industry and Innovation 21(5): 410-429 [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13662716.2014.969935
Nielsen C, Cappelen K 2014. Exploring the mechanisms of knowledge transfer in university‐industry collaborations: a study of companies, students and researchers. Higher Education Quarterly 68(4): 375-393.
OECD 2019. University-industry collaboration: new evidence and policy options. Paris: OECD Publishing, 120 pp. [cited 2021 Feb 23]. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/fr/innovation/university-industry-collaboration-e9c1e648-en.htm
Rahm D 1994. Academic perceptions of university‐firm technology transfer. Policy Studies Journal 22(2): 267-278.
Research-compliance.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020 [cited 2020 Apr 4]. Available from: https://research-compliance.umich.edu/coi-policies
Sampat BN 2006. Patenting and US academic research in the 20th century: the world before and after Bayh-Dole. Research Policy 35(6): 772-789 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048733306000692
Samsom KJ, Gurdon MA 1993. University scientists as entrepreneurs: a special case of technology transfer and high-tech venturing. Technovation 13(2): 63-71 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016649729390054Y
Schoen A, de la Potterie BV P, Henkel J 2014. Governance typology of universities’ technology transfer processes. The Journal of Technology Transfer 39(3): 435-453 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10961-012-9289-0
Shane S 2002. Selling university technology: patterns from MIT. Management science 48(1): 122-137 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.122.14281
Siegel DS, Waldman DA, Atwater LE, Link AN 2004. Toward a model of the effective transfer of scientific knowledge from academicians to practitioners: qualitative evidence from the commercialization of university technologies. Journal of engineering and technology management 21(1-2): 115-142 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0923474803000626
Siegel DS, Waldman D, Link A 2003. Assessing the impact of organizational practices on the relative productivity of university technology transfer offices: an exploratory study. Research policy 32(1): 27-48 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048733301001962
Silva LCS, Kovaleski JL, Gaia S, Segundo GSA, Ten Caten CS 2015. Processo de transferência de tecnologia em universidades públicas brasileiras por intermédio dos núcleos de inovação tecnológica. Interciencia 40(10): 664-669 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/339/33941643003.pdf
Swamidass PM, Vulasa V.2009. Why university inventions rarely produce income?: bottlenecks in university technology transfer. The Journal of technology transfer 34(4): 343-363 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10961-008-9097-8
Techtransfer.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020a [cited 2020 Apr 4]. Available from: https://techtransfer.umich.edu
Techtransfer.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020b [cited 2020 Feb 23]. Available from: https://techtransfer.umich.edu/team
Techtransfer.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020c [cited 2020 Feb 23]. Available from: https://techtransfer.umich.edu/for-inventors/policies/technology-transfer-policy
Techtransfer.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020d [cited 2020 Feb 23]. Available from: https://techtransfer.umich.edu/for-startups/funding
Techtransfer.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020e [cited 2020 Apr 4]. Available from: https://techtransfer.umich.edu/for-industry/available-technologies
Techtransfer.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020f [cited 2020 Feb 23]. Available from: https://techtransfer.umich.edu/for-industry/licensing
Techtransfer.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2021 [cited 2021 Jan 10]. Available from: https://techtransfer.umich.edu/about/annual-reports
Thursby JG, Kemp S 2002. Growth and productive efficiency of university intellectual property licensing. Research policy 31(1): 109-124 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/ cience/article/abs/pii/S0048733300001608
Timeshighereducation.com [homepage on the Internet]. The World University Rankings; c2021 [cited 2021 Sep 10]. Available from: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-public-universities-united-states
Tornatzky LG 2002. Technology-based economic development in Atlanta and Georgia: the role of university partnerships. Industry And Higher Education 16(1): 19-26 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.5367/000000002101296054
Toscano FLP, Mainardes EW, Lasso SV 2017. Exploring challenges in university technology transfer in Brazil. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 14(04): [about 28 p.] [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314286910_Exploring_Challenges_in_University_Technology_Transfer_in_Brazil
Urcmich.org [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: Michigan State University, University of Michigan, Wayne State University; c2021 [cited 2021 Mar 15]. Available from: https://urcmich.org/about
Vilha AM, Ferreira FD, Baltazar LF, Medeiros DMRD, Suen A 2018. Management of intellectual property, technology transfer and entrepreneurship: analysis of the experiences of universities in Brazil and Chile. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 863-869 [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-91334-6_118#citeas
Zavale NC, Macamo E 2016. How and what knowledge do universities and academics transfer to industry in African low-income countries?: evidence from the stage of university-industry linkages in Mozambique. International Journal of Educational Development 49: 247-261 [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0738059316300384
Audretsch DB, Lehmann EE, Wright M 2014. Technology transfer in a global economy. The Journal of Technology Transfer 39(3): 301-312 [cited 2021 Feb 7]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10961-012-9283-6
Bec.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020 [cited 2020 Feb 2]. Available from: https://bec.umich.edu
Berbegal-Mirabent J, García JL, Ribeiro-Soriano DE 2015. University–industry partnerships for the provision of R&D services. Journal of Business Research 68 (7): 1407-1413 [cited 2021 Feb 7]. Available from: https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jbrese/v68y2015i7p1407-1413.html
Cherney A, Head B, Boreham P, Povey J, Ferguson M 2012. Perspectives of academic social scientists on knowledge transfer and research collaborations: a cross-sectional survey of Australian academics. Evidence & Policy 8(4): 433-453 [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tpp/ep/2012/00000008/00000004/art00003
Closs L, Ferreira G, Brasil V, Sampaio C, Perin M. 2013. What motivates Brazilian academic researchers to transfer technology? Journal of Technology Management & Innovation 8(4): 79-90 [cited 2021 Feb 13]. Available from: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-27242013000500008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=n
Closs L, Ferreira G, Soria A, Sampaio C, Perin M. 2012. Organizational factors that affect the university-industry technology transfer processes of a private university. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation 7(1): 104-117 [cited 2021 Feb 15]. Available from: https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-27242012000100007&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
Closs LQ, Ferreira GC 2012. A transferência de tecnologia universidade-empresa no contexto brasileiro: uma revisão de estudos científicos publicados entre os anos 2005 e 2009. Gestão & Produção 19(2): 419-432 [cited 2021 Feb 1]. Available from: https://www.scielo.br/pdf/gp/v19n2/v19n2a14.pdf
Collins S, Wakoh H 2000. Universities and technology transfer in Japan: recent reforms in historical perspective. The Journal of Technology Transfer 25(2):213-222.
De Wit-De Vries E et al. 2019. Knowledge transfer in university–industry research partnerships: a review. The Journal of Technology Transfer 44: 1236–1255 [cited 2021 Feb 15]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10961-018-9660-x
Debackere K 2012. The TTO: a university engine transforming science into innovation. LERU Advice Paper 10: 1-14 [cited 2021 Feb 15]. Available from: https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/199752
Economicgrowth.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020 [cited 2020 Feb 2]. Available from: https://economicgrowth.umich.edu
Especialistas, S. Interview by Heloisa Cortiani de Oliveira. Ann Arbor May/Jul, 2019.
Etzkowitz H, Leydesdorff,L 2000. The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy 29(2): 109-123 [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048733399000554
Faria JH, Walger C 2020. O lugar da universidade pública: referência social ou fator de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas? NUPEM 12(27): 12-33 [cited 2021 Sep 13]. Available from: http://revistanupem.unespar.edu.br/index.php/nupem/issue/view/28
Friedman J, Silberman J 2003. University technology transfer: do incentives, management, and location matter? The Journal of Technology Transfer 28(1):17-30 [cited 2021 Apr 4]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1021674618658
Gassmann O, Enkel E 2004. Towards a theory of open innovation: three core process archetypes. R&D Management Conference Proceedings [about 18 p.] [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/274
Geuna A, Muscio A 2009. The governance of university knowledge transfer: a critical review of the literature. Minerva 47(1): 93-114 [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11024-009-9118-2
Gielfi GG, Furtado A, Tijssen RJ 2016. R&D funding policy and university-industry research collaboration in Brazil: the case of Petrobras. Blucher Engineering Proceedings 3(4): 1277-1294 [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.proceedings.blucher.com.br/article-details/rd-funding-policy-and-university-industry-research-collaboration-in-brazil-the-case-of-petrobras-25344
Guion LA, Diehl, DC, McDonald D 2011. Triangulation: establishing the validity of qualitative studies: FCS6014/FY394 Edis 2011(8): 1-3 [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:X5VYM0sJ1dwJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=pt-BR&as_sdt=0,5
Hofer F 2009. The improvement of technology transfer: an analysis of practices between Graz University of Technology and Styrian companies. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Wiesbaden, 209 pp.
Jamil F, Ismail K, Mahmood N 2015. A review of commercialization tools: university incubators and technology parks. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 5 (1S): 223-228.
Macho-Stadler I, Pérez-Castrillo D, Veugelers R 2007. Licensing of university inventions: the role of a technology transfer office. International Journal of Industrial Organization 25(3): 483-510 [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016771870600083X
Markman GD, Gianiodis PT, Phan PH, Balkin DB 2005. Innovation speed: transferring university technology to market. Research policy 34(7): 1058-1075 [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048733305001022
Mowery DC 2005. The Bayh-Dole Act and high-technology entrepreneurship in US universities: chicken, egg, or something else? Innovation and Economic Growth 16: 39–68 [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1016/S1048-4736(05)16002-0/full/html
Mowery DC, Sampat BN 2004. The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 and university–industry technology transfer: a model for other OECD governments? The Journal of Technology Transfer 30(1): 115-127 [cited 2020 Sep 16]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10961-004-4361-z
Muscio A 2010. What drives the university use of technology transfer offices?: evidence from Italy. The Journal of Technology Transfer 35(2): 181-202 [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10961-009-9121-7
Muscio A, Vallanti G 2014. Perceived obstacles to university–industry collaboration: results from a qualitative survey of Italian academic departments. Industry and Innovation 21(5): 410-429 [cited 2021 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13662716.2014.969935
Nielsen C, Cappelen K 2014. Exploring the mechanisms of knowledge transfer in university‐industry collaborations: a study of companies, students and researchers. Higher Education Quarterly 68(4): 375-393.
OECD 2019. University-industry collaboration: new evidence and policy options. Paris: OECD Publishing, 120 pp. [cited 2021 Feb 23]. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/fr/innovation/university-industry-collaboration-e9c1e648-en.htm
Rahm D 1994. Academic perceptions of university‐firm technology transfer. Policy Studies Journal 22(2): 267-278.
Research-compliance.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020 [cited 2020 Apr 4]. Available from: https://research-compliance.umich.edu/coi-policies
Sampat BN 2006. Patenting and US academic research in the 20th century: the world before and after Bayh-Dole. Research Policy 35(6): 772-789 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048733306000692
Samsom KJ, Gurdon MA 1993. University scientists as entrepreneurs: a special case of technology transfer and high-tech venturing. Technovation 13(2): 63-71 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016649729390054Y
Schoen A, de la Potterie BV P, Henkel J 2014. Governance typology of universities’ technology transfer processes. The Journal of Technology Transfer 39(3): 435-453 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10961-012-9289-0
Shane S 2002. Selling university technology: patterns from MIT. Management science 48(1): 122-137 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.122.14281
Siegel DS, Waldman DA, Atwater LE, Link AN 2004. Toward a model of the effective transfer of scientific knowledge from academicians to practitioners: qualitative evidence from the commercialization of university technologies. Journal of engineering and technology management 21(1-2): 115-142 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0923474803000626
Siegel DS, Waldman D, Link A 2003. Assessing the impact of organizational practices on the relative productivity of university technology transfer offices: an exploratory study. Research policy 32(1): 27-48 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048733301001962
Silva LCS, Kovaleski JL, Gaia S, Segundo GSA, Ten Caten CS 2015. Processo de transferência de tecnologia em universidades públicas brasileiras por intermédio dos núcleos de inovação tecnológica. Interciencia 40(10): 664-669 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/339/33941643003.pdf
Swamidass PM, Vulasa V.2009. Why university inventions rarely produce income?: bottlenecks in university technology transfer. The Journal of technology transfer 34(4): 343-363 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10961-008-9097-8
Techtransfer.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020a [cited 2020 Apr 4]. Available from: https://techtransfer.umich.edu
Techtransfer.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020b [cited 2020 Feb 23]. Available from: https://techtransfer.umich.edu/team
Techtransfer.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020c [cited 2020 Feb 23]. Available from: https://techtransfer.umich.edu/for-inventors/policies/technology-transfer-policy
Techtransfer.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020d [cited 2020 Feb 23]. Available from: https://techtransfer.umich.edu/for-startups/funding
Techtransfer.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020e [cited 2020 Apr 4]. Available from: https://techtransfer.umich.edu/for-industry/available-technologies
Techtransfer.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2020f [cited 2020 Feb 23]. Available from: https://techtransfer.umich.edu/for-industry/licensing
Techtransfer.umich.edu [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; c2021 [cited 2021 Jan 10]. Available from: https://techtransfer.umich.edu/about/annual-reports
Thursby JG, Kemp S 2002. Growth and productive efficiency of university intellectual property licensing. Research policy 31(1): 109-124 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/ cience/article/abs/pii/S0048733300001608
Timeshighereducation.com [homepage on the Internet]. The World University Rankings; c2021 [cited 2021 Sep 10]. Available from: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-public-universities-united-states
Tornatzky LG 2002. Technology-based economic development in Atlanta and Georgia: the role of university partnerships. Industry And Higher Education 16(1): 19-26 [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.5367/000000002101296054
Toscano FLP, Mainardes EW, Lasso SV 2017. Exploring challenges in university technology transfer in Brazil. International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 14(04): [about 28 p.] [cited 2021 Feb 18]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314286910_Exploring_Challenges_in_University_Technology_Transfer_in_Brazil
Urcmich.org [homepage on the Internet]. Ann Arbor: Michigan State University, University of Michigan, Wayne State University; c2021 [cited 2021 Mar 15]. Available from: https://urcmich.org/about
Vilha AM, Ferreira FD, Baltazar LF, Medeiros DMRD, Suen A 2018. Management of intellectual property, technology transfer and entrepreneurship: analysis of the experiences of universities in Brazil and Chile. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 863-869 [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-91334-6_118#citeas
Zavale NC, Macamo E 2016. How and what knowledge do universities and academics transfer to industry in African low-income countries?: evidence from the stage of university-industry linkages in Mozambique. International Journal of Educational Development 49: 247-261 [cited 2021 Feb 16]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0738059316300384
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2022-08-02
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OLIVEIRA, Heloisa Cortiani de; ALFARO, Jose F.; GREELEY, Richard S.; FERNANDES, Valdir. Boas Práticas de Transferência de Tecnologia: O Caso Estadunidense do Escritório de Transferência de Tecnologia da Universidade da Universidade de Michigan. Fronteira: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 2, p. 150–166, 2022. DOI: 10.21664/2238-8869.2022v11i2.p150-166. Disponível em: https://periodicos.unievangelica.edu.br/index.php/fronteiras/article/view/6168. Acesso em: 26 abr. 2024.
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