O QUE SABEMOS SOBRE AS AMEBAS DE VIDA LIVRE ATÉ O MOMENTO?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37951/refacer.v9i1.4699Palavras-chave:
Amebas de Vida Livre. Potencial patogênico. Imunocompetentes. Imunocomprometidos.Resumo
Introdução: Bactérias, vírus, fungos, protozoários e helmintos têm sido associados a infecções humanas em locais de assistência à saúde. Dentre eles: Naegleria fowleri, Balamuthia mandrillaris, Sappinia pedata e algumas espécies de Acanthamoeba spp. constituem o grupo das Amebas de Vida Livre (AVL) que podem causar doença grave no SNC, pele, órgãos internos e olhos. Objetivo: Estabelecer as principais características biológicas, clínicas e propedêuticas das infecções por AVL em humanos por meio de pesquisa literária. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura do tipo narrativa a partir de artigos publicados em língua inglesa e portuguesa entre 2010 e 2020 nas bases científicas Scielo e Pubmed. A busca pelas produções científicas se deu a partir dos descritores DECS e MESH. Resultados e discussão: Acanthamoeba spp. e B. mandrillaris podem causar encefalite amebiana granulomatosa que é mais comum em imunodeprimidos. Enquanto, a meningoencefalite amebiana primária por N. fowleri atinge principalmente jovens adultos saudáveis com evolução rapidamente fatal em 7 dias do aparecimento dos sintomas. Para S. pedata a encefalite descrita ocorreu em imunocompetente, mas há apenas um caso relatado até o presente momento. Além disso, em imunocompetentes usuários de lentes de contato podem ocorrer ceratite amebiana por Acanthamoeba spp. O sítio de infecção por AVL é bastante diversificado e os sintomas observados são inespecíficos e similares a patógenos mais rotineiros nos ambientes hospitalares. Isso dificulta a suspeita clínica. Não há um esquema terapêutico específico, apesar de o diagnóstico precoce favorecer a diminuição de morbimortalidade. Conclusão: A complexidade da biologia, clínica e propedêutica das infecções causadas por AVL provavelmente está associada a uma subnotificação dos casos, os quais apesar de raros possuem altos índices de morbimortalidade, inferindo a necessidade de maior divulgação deste tema junto à sociedade.
Referências
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BARRAT, J.L. et al. Importance of nonenteric protozoan infections in immunocompromised people. Clinical Microbiology Review, v. 23, n. 4, p. 795-836, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952979/pdf/0001-10.pdf. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
CALIXTO, P.H.M. et al. Aspectos biológicos das principais amebas de vida-livre de importância médica. Biota Amazônia, v. 4, n. 2, p. 124-129, 2014. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v4n2p124-129. Acesso em: 01 jun. 2020.
CARRIJO-CARVALHO, L.C. et al. Therapeutic Agents and Biocides for Ocular Infections by Free-Living Amoebae of Acanthamoeba Genus. Surv Ophthalmol, v. 62, n. 2, p. 203-218, 2017. Disponível em: https://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/S0039-6257(16)30018-2/fulltext. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
COPE, J.R. et al. The Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Balamuthia mandrillaris Disease in the United States, 1974-2016. Clin Infect Dis, v. 68, n. 11, p. 1815-1822, 2019. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30239654/. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
DELAFONT, V. et al. Targeted Metagenomics of Microbial Diversity in Free-Living Amoebae and Water Samples. Methods Mol Biol, v. 1921, p. 421-428, 2019. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9048-1_26. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30694507/. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
DUNNEBACKE, T.H. Balamuthia mandrillaris: The multiple nuclei of Balamuthia amebas; their location, activity, and site of development. Experimental Parasitology, v. 126, p. 14–21, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489409003002. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
DUPUY, M. et al. Efficiency of water disinfectants against Legionella pneumophila and Acanthamoeba. Water Research, v. 45, p. 1087-1094, 2011. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135410007207. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
ELSHEIKHA, H.M.; KHAN, N.A. Protozoa traversal of the blood-brain barrier to invade the central nervous system. FEMS Microbiol Rev, v. 34, p. 532–553, 2010. Disponível em: https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/34/4/532/540867. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
FARRA, A. et al. Free-living Amoebae Isolated in the Central African Republic: Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects. Pan Afr Med J, v. 26, n. 57, 2017. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5398892/pdf/PAMJ-26-57.pdf. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
FEIZ HADDAD, M.H. et al. Molecular Identification of Free-Living Amoebae (Naegleria spp., Acanthamoeba spp. and Vermamoeba spp.) Isolated from Un-improved Hot Springs, Guilan Province, Northern Iran. Iran J Parasitol, v. 14, n. 4, p. 584–591, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7028243/. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
GARG, P. Diagnosis of microbial keratitis. Br J Ophthalmol, v. 94, n. 8, p. 961-962, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45461234_Diagnosis_of_microbial_keratitis. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
HEGGIE, T.W. Swimming with death: Naegleria fowleri infections in recreational Waters. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, v. 8, n. 4, p. 201-206, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1477893910000980?via%3Dihub. Acesso em: 09 mai. 2020.
HODGE, P.J. et al. Another case of canine amoebic meningoencephalitis—the challenges of reaching a rapid diagnosis. Parasitol Res, v. 108, p. 1069–1073, 2011. Disponível em: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-010-2197-z. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
KANESHIRO, E.S. et al. Highlights and Summaries of the 11th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., v. 58, n. 1, p. 1-6, 2011. Disponível em:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2010.00515.x. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
KRÓL-TURMIŃSKA, K.; OLENDER, A. Human infections caused by free-living amoebae. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, v. 24, n. 2, 2017. Disponível em: http://www.aaem.pl/Human-infections-caused-by-free-living-amoebae,72498,0,2.html. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
LARES-JIMÉNEZ, L.F. et. Potentially Pathogenic Genera of Free-Living Amoebae Coexisting in a Thermal Spring. Exp Parasitol, v. 195, p. 54-58, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489418303709?via%3Dihub. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
LONG, J.J. et al. Interactions of Free-Living Amoebae With Rice Bacterial Pathogens Xanthomonas Oryzae Pathovars Oryzae and Oryzicola. PLoS One, v. 13, n. 8, p. e0202941, 2018. Disponível em: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0202941&type=printable. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
MAHMOUDI, M.R. et al. Isolation of Acanthamoeba species in surface waters of Gilan province-north of Iran. Parasitol Res, v. 110, p. 473–477, 2012. Disponível: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-011-2530-1. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
MARCIANO-CABRAL, F.; JAMERSON, M.; KANESHIRO, E.S. Free-living amoebae, Legionella and Mycobacterium in tap water supplied by a municipal drinking water utility in the USA. Journal of Water and Health, v.8, p. 71- 82, 2010. Disponível em: https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article/8/1/71/1895/Free-living-amoebae-Legionella-and-Mycobacterium. Acesso em: 01 jun. 2020.
NIYYATI, M. First report of a mixed infection due to Acanthamoeba genotype T3and Vahlkampfia in a cosmetic soft contact lens wearer in Iran. Experimental Parasitology, v.126, p. 89–90, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489409002975. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
NIYYATI, M.; LASGERDI, Z.; LORENZO-MORALES, J. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Potentially Pathogenic Free-living Amoebae from Water Sources in Kish Island, Southern Iran. Microbiol Insights, v. 8, s. 1, p. 1–6, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4399642/. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
NIYYATI, M. et al. Morphological and Molecular Survey of Naegleria spp. In Water Bodies Used for Recreational Purposes in Rasht city, Northern Iran. Iran J Parasitol, v. 10, n. 4, p.523-529, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724827/pdf/IJPA-10-523.pdf. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
PATERSON, G.N. et al. Is Acanthamoeba pathogenicity associated with intracellular bacteria? Experimental Parasitology, v. 129, p 207–210, 2011. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489411002049. Acesso em: 01 jun. 2020.
PINNA, A. et al. Free-Living Amoebae Keratitis. Cornea, v. 36, n. 7, p. 785-790, 2017. Disponível em: https://journals.lww.com/corneajrnl/Abstract/2017/07000/Free_Living_Amoebae_Keratitis.6.aspx. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
SAMBA-LOUAKA, A. et al. Environmental Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis Hosted by Free-Living Amoebae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, v. 9, p. 8:28, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811464/pdf/fcimb-08-00028.pdf. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
SAMBA-LOUAKA, A. et al. Free-living Amoebae and Squatters in the Wild: Ecological and Molecular Features. FEMS Microbiol Ver, v. 43, n. 4, p. 415-434, 2019. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31049565/. Acessom em: 06 jul. 2020.
SIDDIQUI, R.; KHAN, N.A. Balamuthia mandrillaris: Morphology, biology, and virulence. Trop Parasitol, v. 5, n. 1, p. 15-22, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4326988/?report=reader. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
THOMAS, V. et al. Free-living amoebae and their intracellular pathogenic microorganisms: risks for water quality. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, v. 34, p. 231–259, 2010. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19744244/. Acesso em: 01jun. 2020.
ÜSTÜNTÜRK-ONAN, M.; WALOCHNIK, J. Identification of Free-Living Amoebae Isolated From Tap Water in Istanbul, Turkey. Exp Parasitol, v. 195, p. 34-37, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489418301413?via%3Dihub. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
VISVESVARA, G.S. Amebic meningoencephalitides and keratitis: challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, v. 23, p. 590–594, 2010. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20802332/. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
WALOCHNIK, J. Free-living Amoebae: Ecology, Phylogeny, Pathogenicity, Susceptibility and Interactions With Other Cells. Exp Parasitol, v. 145, s. S1, 2014. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25448291/. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
YAMANOUCHI, K. et al. First report of the isolation of Balamuthia mandrillaris in the northern region of Japan. Parasitology Research, v. 117, p. 2895–2900, 2018. Disponível em: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00436-018-5980-x.pdf. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
BAIG, A.M. Innovative Methodology in the Discovery of Novel Drug Targets in the Free-Living Amoebae. Curr Drug Targets, v. 20, n. 1, p. 60-69, 2019. doi: 10.2174/1389450119666180426100452. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29697029/. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
BALCZUN, C.; SCHEID, P.L. Free-Living Amoebae as Hosts for and Vectors of Intracellular Microorganisms with Public Health Significance. Viruses MDPI, v. 9, n. 65, doi:10.3390/v9040065, 2017. Disponível em: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/9/4/65. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
BARRAT, J.L. et al. Importance of nonenteric protozoan infections in immunocompromised people. Clinical Microbiology Review, v. 23, n. 4, p. 795-836, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952979/pdf/0001-10.pdf. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
CALIXTO, P.H.M. et al. Aspectos biológicos das principais amebas de vida-livre de importância médica. Biota Amazônia, v. 4, n. 2, p. 124-129, 2014. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v4n2p124-129. Acesso em: 01 jun. 2020.
CARRIJO-CARVALHO, L.C. et al. Therapeutic Agents and Biocides for Ocular Infections by Free-Living Amoebae of Acanthamoeba Genus. Surv Ophthalmol, v. 62, n. 2, p. 203-218, 2017. Disponível em: https://www.surveyophthalmol.com/article/S0039-6257(16)30018-2/fulltext. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
COPE, J.R. et al. The Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Balamuthia mandrillaris Disease in the United States, 1974-2016. Clin Infect Dis, v. 68, n. 11, p. 1815-1822, 2019. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30239654/. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
DELAFONT, V. et al. Targeted Metagenomics of Microbial Diversity in Free-Living Amoebae and Water Samples. Methods Mol Biol, v. 1921, p. 421-428, 2019. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9048-1_26. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30694507/. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
DUNNEBACKE, T.H. Balamuthia mandrillaris: The multiple nuclei of Balamuthia amebas; their location, activity, and site of development. Experimental Parasitology, v. 126, p. 14–21, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489409003002. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
DUPUY, M. et al. Efficiency of water disinfectants against Legionella pneumophila and Acanthamoeba. Water Research, v. 45, p. 1087-1094, 2011. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135410007207. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
ELSHEIKHA, H.M.; KHAN, N.A. Protozoa traversal of the blood-brain barrier to invade the central nervous system. FEMS Microbiol Rev, v. 34, p. 532–553, 2010. Disponível em: https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/34/4/532/540867. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
FARRA, A. et al. Free-living Amoebae Isolated in the Central African Republic: Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects. Pan Afr Med J, v. 26, n. 57, 2017. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5398892/pdf/PAMJ-26-57.pdf. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
FEIZ HADDAD, M.H. et al. Molecular Identification of Free-Living Amoebae (Naegleria spp., Acanthamoeba spp. and Vermamoeba spp.) Isolated from Un-improved Hot Springs, Guilan Province, Northern Iran. Iran J Parasitol, v. 14, n. 4, p. 584–591, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7028243/. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
GARG, P. Diagnosis of microbial keratitis. Br J Ophthalmol, v. 94, n. 8, p. 961-962, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45461234_Diagnosis_of_microbial_keratitis. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
HEGGIE, T.W. Swimming with death: Naegleria fowleri infections in recreational Waters. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, v. 8, n. 4, p. 201-206, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1477893910000980?via%3Dihub. Acesso em: 09 mai. 2020.
HODGE, P.J. et al. Another case of canine amoebic meningoencephalitis—the challenges of reaching a rapid diagnosis. Parasitol Res, v. 108, p. 1069–1073, 2011. Disponível em: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-010-2197-z. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
KANESHIRO, E.S. et al. Highlights and Summaries of the 11th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., v. 58, n. 1, p. 1-6, 2011. Disponível em:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2010.00515.x. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
KRÓL-TURMIŃSKA, K.; OLENDER, A. Human infections caused by free-living amoebae. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, v. 24, n. 2, 2017. Disponível em: http://www.aaem.pl/Human-infections-caused-by-free-living-amoebae,72498,0,2.html. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
LARES-JIMÉNEZ, L.F. et. Potentially Pathogenic Genera of Free-Living Amoebae Coexisting in a Thermal Spring. Exp Parasitol, v. 195, p. 54-58, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489418303709?via%3Dihub. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
LONG, J.J. et al. Interactions of Free-Living Amoebae With Rice Bacterial Pathogens Xanthomonas Oryzae Pathovars Oryzae and Oryzicola. PLoS One, v. 13, n. 8, p. e0202941, 2018. Disponível em: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0202941&type=printable. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
MAHMOUDI, M.R. et al. Isolation of Acanthamoeba species in surface waters of Gilan province-north of Iran. Parasitol Res, v. 110, p. 473–477, 2012. Disponível: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-011-2530-1. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
MARCIANO-CABRAL, F.; JAMERSON, M.; KANESHIRO, E.S. Free-living amoebae, Legionella and Mycobacterium in tap water supplied by a municipal drinking water utility in the USA. Journal of Water and Health, v.8, p. 71- 82, 2010. Disponível em: https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article/8/1/71/1895/Free-living-amoebae-Legionella-and-Mycobacterium. Acesso em: 01 jun. 2020.
NIYYATI, M. First report of a mixed infection due to Acanthamoeba genotype T3and Vahlkampfia in a cosmetic soft contact lens wearer in Iran. Experimental Parasitology, v.126, p. 89–90, 2010. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489409002975. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
NIYYATI, M.; LASGERDI, Z.; LORENZO-MORALES, J. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Potentially Pathogenic Free-living Amoebae from Water Sources in Kish Island, Southern Iran. Microbiol Insights, v. 8, s. 1, p. 1–6, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4399642/. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
NIYYATI, M. et al. Morphological and Molecular Survey of Naegleria spp. In Water Bodies Used for Recreational Purposes in Rasht city, Northern Iran. Iran J Parasitol, v. 10, n. 4, p.523-529, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724827/pdf/IJPA-10-523.pdf. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
PATERSON, G.N. et al. Is Acanthamoeba pathogenicity associated with intracellular bacteria? Experimental Parasitology, v. 129, p 207–210, 2011. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489411002049. Acesso em: 01 jun. 2020.
PINNA, A. et al. Free-Living Amoebae Keratitis. Cornea, v. 36, n. 7, p. 785-790, 2017. Disponível em: https://journals.lww.com/corneajrnl/Abstract/2017/07000/Free_Living_Amoebae_Keratitis.6.aspx. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
SAMBA-LOUAKA, A. et al. Environmental Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis Hosted by Free-Living Amoebae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, v. 9, p. 8:28, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5811464/pdf/fcimb-08-00028.pdf. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
SAMBA-LOUAKA, A. et al. Free-living Amoebae and Squatters in the Wild: Ecological and Molecular Features. FEMS Microbiol Ver, v. 43, n. 4, p. 415-434, 2019. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31049565/. Acessom em: 06 jul. 2020.
SIDDIQUI, R.; KHAN, N.A. Balamuthia mandrillaris: Morphology, biology, and virulence. Trop Parasitol, v. 5, n. 1, p. 15-22, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4326988/?report=reader. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
THOMAS, V. et al. Free-living amoebae and their intracellular pathogenic microorganisms: risks for water quality. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, v. 34, p. 231–259, 2010. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19744244/. Acesso em: 01jun. 2020.
ÜSTÜNTÜRK-ONAN, M.; WALOCHNIK, J. Identification of Free-Living Amoebae Isolated From Tap Water in Istanbul, Turkey. Exp Parasitol, v. 195, p. 34-37, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014489418301413?via%3Dihub. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
VISVESVARA, G.S. Amebic meningoencephalitides and keratitis: challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, v. 23, p. 590–594, 2010. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20802332/. Acesso em: 07 jul. 2020.
WALOCHNIK, J. Free-living Amoebae: Ecology, Phylogeny, Pathogenicity, Susceptibility and Interactions With Other Cells. Exp Parasitol, v. 145, s. S1, 2014. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25448291/. Acesso em: 06 jul. 2020.
YAMANOUCHI, K. et al. First report of the isolation of Balamuthia mandrillaris in the northern region of Japan. Parasitology Research, v. 117, p. 2895–2900, 2018. Disponível em: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00436-018-5980-x.pdf. Acesso em: 09 jul. 2020.
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2020-08-11
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