Dry Sand Quality: The Case Study of a Touristic Beach from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2020v9i1.p32-52Palavras-chave:
Chuva, Coliformes Termotolerantes, Bactérias Fecais, LegislaçãoResumo
A contaminação costeira tornou-se uma crescente preocupação de saúde pública. Surtos de doenças entéricas e a ocorrência de dermatites e micoses durante o verão nas áreas de lazer estão geralmente associados à poluição da água do mar. Os microorganismos patogênicos podem atingir áreas costeiras através de descargas de esgoto, comprometendo a água do mar e a qualidade da praia. Embora a transmissão de doenças entéricas pela areia ainda não esteja clara, existe uma preocupação de que a areia possa atuar como reservatório ou vetor da infecção para seres humanos. Nesse contexto, as principais hipóteses deste estudo foram: (i) alterações na densidade dos coliformes fecais nos compartimentos da praia; (ii) areia seca é o compartimento de praia mais contaminado; (ii) as densidades de coliformes fecais estão dentro dos limites do padrão internacional para areia. Portanto, este estudo de caso quantificou e comparou por três meses as densidades de colformes totais (CT) e termotolerantes (TEC) na água do mar, areia molhada e seca de uma praia turística escolhida do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Além disso, para contribuir para o gerenciamento das praias costeiras, os dados de contaminação da areia pesquisados foram comparados com os limites padrão vigentes em todo o mundo até abril de 2018 para verificar a adequação. A praia Vermelha deve ser considerada uma praia de referência para o monitoramento de areia no Brasil. Apesar de ser uma zona tampão da unidade de conservação MONA Pão Açúcar, está sujeita a intensa pressão turística. Mesmo assim, as densidades de bactérias fecais quantificadas na praia Vermelha estavam dentro dos padrões de “excelente” areia e água de qualidade, de acordo com a legislação / diretrizes vigentes. No entanto, a areia seca foi o compartimento mais contaminado, seguido pela água do mar e areia úmida. A densidade bacteriana na areia seca foi até 4.600 vezes maior que a areia úmida. Exceto na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, as diretrizes recreativas para a qualidade das praias são exclusivas para a contaminação da água do mar. Não existem parâmetros estabelecidos para a classificação de areia recreativa na praia, apenas recomendações, incluindo Portugal. O monitoramento da areia seca na praia é fundamental para reduzir o risco de exposição dos banhistas a estes patógenos.
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Lescreck, Marina Camargo, Renata Gomes Gerais Petroni, Fernando Sanzi Cortez, Aldo Ramos Santos, Pollyanna Oliveira Coutinho, and Fabio Hermes Pusceddu. 2016. “Análise Da Qualidade Sanitária Da Areia Das Praias de Santos, Litoral Do Estado de São Paulo.” Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental 21 (4): 777–82. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-41522016149550.
Mancini, L., A.M. D’Angelo, E. Pierdominici, C. Ferrari, A. Anselmo, L. Venturi, L. Fazzo, P. Formichetti, M. Iaconelli, and B. Pennelli. 2005. “Microbiological Quality of Italian Beach Sands.” Microchemical Journal 79 (1–2): 257–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2004.10.013.
Mendes, B., M. J. Nascimento, and J. S. Oliveira. 1993. “Preliminary Characterisation and Proposal of Microbiological Quality Standard of Sand Beaches.” Water Science and Technology 27 (3–4): 453–56. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0391.
Mendes, B, J Nascimento, P Urbano, C Alves, N Lapa, and JS Oliveira. 1996. “Microbiological Quality of the Sand Beaches in Portugal.” Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 9: 181–90. www.witpress.com,.
Nevers, Meredith B., and Alexandria B. Boehm. 2011. Modeling Fate and Transport of Fecal Bacteria in Surface Water.
Noble, Rachel T, Stephen B Weisberg, Molly K Leecaster, Charles D McGee, John H Dorsey, Patricia Vainik, and Victoria Orozco-Borbón. 2003. “Storm Effects on Regional Beach Water Quality along the Southern California Shoreline.” Journal of Water and Health 1 (1): 23–31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384270.
Pereira, Elisabete, Celso Figueira, Nuno Aguiar, Rita Vasconcelos, Sílvia Vasconcelos, Graça Calado, João Brandão, and Susana Prada. 2013. “Microbiological and Mycological Beach Sand Quality in a Volcanic Environment: Madeira Archipelago, Portugal.” Science of The Total Environment 461–462 (September): 469–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.025.
Phillips, Matthew C., Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, Alan M. Piggot, James S. Klaus, and Yifan Zhang. 2011. “Relationships between Sand and Water Quality at Recreational Beaches.” Water Research 45 (20): 6763–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.028.
Pinto, K. C., E. M. Hachich, M. I.Z. Sato, M. Di Bari, M. C.L.S. Coelho, M. H. Matté, C. C. Lamparelli, and M. T.P. Razzolini. 2012. “Microbiological Quality Assessment of Sand and Water from Three Selected Beaches of South Coast, São Paulo State, Brazil.” Water Science and Technology 66 (11): 2475–82. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.494.
Praveena, Sarva Mangala, Siti Shafiqa Shamira, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail, and Ahmad Zaharin Aris. 2016. “Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Tropical Beach Sand: Baseline Findings from Port Dickson Coastline, Strait of Malacca (Malaysia).” Marine Pollution Bulletin 110 (1): 609–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.024.
PRJ, Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro. 2001. Decreto No 20.225 de 13 de Julho de 2001.
Pruss, A. 1998. “Review of Epidemiological Studies on Health Effects from Exposure to Recreational Water.” International Journal of Epidemiology 27 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/27.1.1.
Ribeiro, Cesar H.A., and Bjorn Kjerfve. 2002. “Anthropogenic Influence on the Water Quality in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.” Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 3 (1–3): 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-001-0037-5.
Rozen, Yael, and Shimshon Belkin. 2001. “Survival of Enteric Bacteria in Seawater.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews 25 (5): 513–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00589.x.
Sabino, R., R. Rodrigues, I. Costa, C. Carneiro, M. Cunha, A. Duarte, N. Faria, et al. 2014. “Routine Screening of Harmful Microorganisms in Beach Sands: Implications to Public Health.” Science of the Total Environment 472 (February): 1062–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.091.
Sampson, Reyneé W., Sarah A. Swiatnicki, Colleen M. McDermott, and Gregory T. Kleinheinz. 2006. “The Effects of Rainfall on Escherichia Coli and Total Coliform Levels at 15 Lake Superior Recreational Beaches.” Water Resources Management 20 (1): 151–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006-5528-1.
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2020-03-04
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KREPSKY, Natascha; NUNES, Karine Peixoto; PAULA JUNIOR, Luiz Affonso de; LINO, Viviane Almeida de Andrade; NAVEIRA E SILVA, Clarissa Araujo Costa; BRANDÃO, Iracema Prestes; SANTOS, Fernanda Silva dos. Dry Sand Quality: The Case Study of a Touristic Beach from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Fronteira: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 32–52, 2020. DOI: 10.21664/2238-8869.2020v9i1.p32-52. Disponível em: https://periodicos.unievangelica.edu.br/index.php/fronteiras/article/view/2963. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2024.
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