Vida y Muerte en los Zoológicos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2021v10i2.p168-186Palavras-chave:
Zoo History, Species Conservation, Animal Rights, Evolutionary BiologyResumo
Algunos eventos recientes de muerte de animales en zoológicos de Latinoamérica ejemplifican las polémicas entre administradores/científicos de estas instituciones y activistas de protección animal. En estos momentos de gran tensión, se pueden observar dos posturas básicas, aunque no sean necesariamente excluyentes. Una de ellas surge del pensamiento conservacionista, que privilegia el enfoque sobre poblaciones, sobre especies. Los críticos de los zoológicos, por su parte, articulan acusaciones en torno al destino de cada individuo. Esos enfrentamientos implican desafíos y encrucijadas imprescindibles, tanto para la discusión del bienestar de los animales en su individualidad, como para los dilemas de la conservación de las especies en el planeta. La filosofía de Montaigne sobre la crueldad y la muerte, el pensamiento biológico evolutivo y la perspectiva histórica de los zoológicos son los principales instrumentos teóricos de esta reflexión. En esta arena de disputa en torno a la defensa y crítica del mantenimiento de animales en zoológicos, existe un debate complejo y multifacético sobre los significados de la vida y la muerte, la extinción y la conservación.
Referências
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Baratay, E and Hardouin-Fugier, E 2002. Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West. Reaktion Books, London. 400 p
Beauregard, LP y Sonia C 8 jul 2016 . “El último viaje de Bantú”, El País, Ciudad de México. Avalilable from https://bit.ly/3rVhA9Y
Beck, B 1995. Rinetroduction, Zoos, Conservation, and Animal Welfare. In Ehrenfeld, D. Ethics on the Ark. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 155-163.
Bender, DE 2016. The Animal Game - Searching for Wildness at the American Zoo. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 393 p.
Bergl, R et al 2012. Remote sensing analysis reveals habitat dispersal corridors and expanded distribution for the Critically Endangerer Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli . Oryx 46 (2):278-289.
Brandão, CAL 2005. A traduZibilidade dos conceitos: entre o visível e o dizível. In Domingues, I. Conhecimento e transdisciplinaridade II, aspectos metodológicos. Editora UFMG, Belo Horizonte, p. 41-99.
Brandão, CAL 2008. A transdiciplinaridade. In Paula, JA. A transdisciplinaridade e os desafios contemporâneos. Editora UFMG, Belo Horizonte, 17-39.
Braverman, Irus 2014. Captive for Life: Conserving Extinct in the Wild Species through Ex Situ Breeding. In L Gruen. The Ethics of Captivity. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 193-212.
Breuer, T, Manguette, M. Groenenberg M 2018. Gorilla gorilla ssp conservation: from zoos to the field and back: examples from the Mbelli Bay Study. International Zoo Yearbook 52 (1):137-149.
Breuer, T 2009. A gorila researcher’s perspective. WAZA Magazine 11: 14-21.
Clark, F et al. 2019. High-tech and tactile: Cognitive Enrichment for Zoo-Housed Gorillas. Frontiers of Psychology v. 10, n. 1574 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01574.
De Vere et al. Nest site ecology of the cross-river gorilla at the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary, Cameroon, with special reference to anthropogenic influence. American Journal of Primatology 73(3):253-261.
Coimbra-Filho, AF 1965. Breeding Lion Marmosets Leontideus rosalia at Rio de Janeiro Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 4 (1): 109-110.
Coimbra-Filho, AF 1969. Mico Leao , Leontideus rosalia (Linnaeus, 1766): Situação atual da espécie no Brasil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 41 (suppl): 29-52.
Coimbra-Filho, AF 1972. Mamíferos ameaçados de extinção no Brasil. In Academia Brasileira de Ciências. Espécies da fauna brasileira ameaçadas de extinção. ACB Editor, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 13-98.
Darwin, C [1856] 1964. On The Origin of Species– a Fac-simile of the First Edition, with an Introduction by Ernst Mayr. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 515 pp.
Dick, G 2009. Gorilla conservation – introduction. WAZA Magazine 11:1-2.
Domingues, I 2005. Em busca do método. In Domingues, I. Conhecimento e transdisciplinaridade II, aspectos metodológicos. Editora UFMG, Belo Horizonte, p. 17-40.
Doyle, C 2014. Captive Elephants, In L Grue. The Ethics of Captivity. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 38-56.
Duarte, RH 2017. Zoos in Latin America. In Beezley. W. The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 1-21.
Duarte, RH 2019. El zoológico del porvenir-: narrativas y memorias de nación sobre el Zoológico de Chapultepec, Ciudad de México, siglo XX. Historia Critica (21): 93-113.
Dunn, A, Nicholas, A 2009. Protecting Africa’s rarest gorilla. WAZA Magazine (11):3-10.
Dybas, C 2007. Out of Africa: A Tale of Gorillas, Heart Disease... and a Swamp Plant. BioScience 57 (5):392-297.
EAZA 2020. Elephant Best Practice Guidelines. EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdã, 213 pp.
Effiom, EO et al. 2014. Changes of community composition at multiple trophic levels due to hunting in Nigerian tropical forests. Ecography 36 (4):367-377.
Ehrenfeld, D 1995. Foreword. In Norton, BG, Hutchins, M, Stevens EF and Maple, TL. Ethics on the Ark. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. xvii-xix.
Funfstuck, T, Vigilant, L 2015. The Geographic Distribution of Genetic Diversity Within Gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 77 (9):974-985.
Gould, SJ 1977. Ever Since Darwin. Norton Company, New York.
Gould, SJ 2002. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Gould, SJ 2011. Leonardo’s Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA.
Hargrove, E 1995. The Role of Zoos in the Twenty-First Century. In Norton, BG; Hutchins, M Stevens, EF; Maple, TL. Ethics on the Ark. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, p. 13-19.
Hoage, RF and Deiss, WA 1996. New Worlds, New Animals: From Menagerie to Zoological Park. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 198p.
Hopkin, M 2007. Gorillas on the list. Nature 449 (7159):127.
Jendry, C 2009. Partness in Conservation: Poverty Alleviation as Key for Moutain Gorilla Conservation. WAZA Magazine (11):26-29.
Johnson, CN et al. Biodiversity losses and conservation responses in the Anthopocene. Science 356: 270-275.
Kierulff, MCM et al. 2012. The Golden Lion Tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia: a conservation success story. International Zoo Yearbook 46 (1): 36-45
Kurtycz, L, Ross, S 2015. Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) birth patterns and human presence in zoological settings. ZooBiology 36 (6): 518-521.
Lacy, RC 2013. Achieving True Sustainabiblity of Zoo Populations. Zoo Biology 32 (1): 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21029
Litchfield, CA, Lowry R, Dorrian J 2018. Recycling 115,369 mobile phones for gorilla conservation over a six-year period (2009-2014) at Zoos Victoria: A case study of ‘points of influence’ and mobile phone donations”. PLoS ONE 13(12): e0206890. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206890
Madisson, N 2009. Adressing the Trade in Apes in Africa. WAZA Magazine (11):11-13.
Maisels, F et al. 2018. Gorilla gorilla ssp. gorilla (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species e.T9406A136251508. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T9406A136251508.en
McDonald, T, Vandersommers, D 2019. Zoo Studies – A New Humanities. McGill-Queens’s University Press, Montreal, 345 p.
Mayr E 1982. The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Meehan, T, Lowenstine L, Murphy, H 2016. Consultation on the death of the gorilla ‘Bantú’ of the Chapultepec Zoo. Ciudad de México: Dirección General de Zoológicos y Vida Silvestre de la Ciudad de México, 2016, 11p. Available from http://www.data.sedema.cdmx.gob.mx/informacion-de-interes-publico-zoologicos-cdmx/index.html
Montaigne, M [1580] 2010. Os ensaios. São Paulo: Penguin & Cia das Letras.
Mullan, B and Marvin, G 1999. Zoo Culture: the book about watching people watch animals. 2nd ed. University of Illinois Press, Chicago, 172p.
Murphy, H et al. 2011. Echocardiographic parameters of captive western lowland gorilas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Journal of Zoo Wildlife Medicine 42 (4):572-579.
Najar, A 13 jul 2016. “La polémica que desató en México la muerte de Bantú, el gorila más querido del país”, BBC News-Mundo, Ciudad de México. Available from https://bbc.in/3tX8lrt
Penn, L et al. 2012. 77 Years: The History and Evolution of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums 1935-2012. Praga: WAZA, 200pp.
Perroux, F 2009. Djeke Gorilla Project. WAZA Magazine (11): 22-25.
Rees, PA 2003. Asian Elephants in Zoos Face Global Extinction: Should Zoos Accept the Inevitable? Oryx 37(1): 20-22.
Reis, JJ 1991. A morte é uma festa. São Paulo: Cia das Letras.
Ritvo, H 1987. The Animal State. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 347 p.
Rodrigues, M 2018. O Equinócio dos sabiás. Editora UFPR, Curitiba, 176 p.
Rothfels, N 2002. Savages and Beastes: The Birth of the Modern Zoo. The Johns Hopkins University Press, London, 268
RSPCA 2002. Live Hard, Die Young: How Elephants Suffer in Zoos. RSPCA, Southwater Horsham. 11p. Available from: https://science.rspca.org.uk/documents/1494935/9042554/Live+hard+die+young+Z06.pdf/99aa1282-4484-5c6f-e5bb-83b57339ce5a?t=1553171442360
Ruiz-Miranda, CR et al. 2019. Estimating Populations Sizes to Evaluate Progress in Conservation of Endangered Golden Lion Tamarins (Leonpithecus rosalia). PLOS/ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216664 , 1-18.
Sanchéz-Olmos, JC 27 jul. 2016. “Los Zoológicos, necesarios para la conservación”. Milênio, Ciudad de México. Available from https://www.milenio.com/opinion/juan-carlos-sanchez-olmos/columna-juan-carlos-sanchez-olmos/los-zoologicos-necesarios-para-la-conservacion
Starobinski, J 1992. Montaigne em movimento. São Paulo: Cia das Letras, 325 pp.
Strong, V et al. 2017. A Retrospective Review of Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Mortality in European Zoologic Collections between 2004 and 2014. Journal of Zoo Wildlife Medicine 48 (2): 277-286.
Sukumar, R 2003. Asian Elephants in Zoos – A Response to Rees. Oryx 37(1): 23-24.
Veyne, P [1978] 1982. Foucault revoluciona a história. Editora UnB, 1982.
Vovelle, M 1975. Les attitudes devant la mort. Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions 39: 17-29.
Walsh, P. et al. 2007 Potential for Ebola transmission beteween gorilla and chimpanzee social groups. American Naturalist 169 (5): 684-689.
WAZA 2020. Protecting our Planet. Available from: https://www.waza.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/F_WAZA-Sustainability-Strategy-2020.pdf
Baratay, E and Hardouin-Fugier, E 2002. Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West. Reaktion Books, London. 400 p
Beauregard, LP y Sonia C 8 jul 2016 . “El último viaje de Bantú”, El País, Ciudad de México. Avalilable from https://bit.ly/3rVhA9Y
Beck, B 1995. Rinetroduction, Zoos, Conservation, and Animal Welfare. In Ehrenfeld, D. Ethics on the Ark. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 155-163.
Bender, DE 2016. The Animal Game - Searching for Wildness at the American Zoo. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 393 p.
Bergl, R et al 2012. Remote sensing analysis reveals habitat dispersal corridors and expanded distribution for the Critically Endangerer Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli . Oryx 46 (2):278-289.
Brandão, CAL 2005. A traduZibilidade dos conceitos: entre o visível e o dizível. In Domingues, I. Conhecimento e transdisciplinaridade II, aspectos metodológicos. Editora UFMG, Belo Horizonte, p. 41-99.
Brandão, CAL 2008. A transdiciplinaridade. In Paula, JA. A transdisciplinaridade e os desafios contemporâneos. Editora UFMG, Belo Horizonte, 17-39.
Braverman, Irus 2014. Captive for Life: Conserving Extinct in the Wild Species through Ex Situ Breeding. In L Gruen. The Ethics of Captivity. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 193-212.
Breuer, T, Manguette, M. Groenenberg M 2018. Gorilla gorilla ssp conservation: from zoos to the field and back: examples from the Mbelli Bay Study. International Zoo Yearbook 52 (1):137-149.
Breuer, T 2009. A gorila researcher’s perspective. WAZA Magazine 11: 14-21.
Clark, F et al. 2019. High-tech and tactile: Cognitive Enrichment for Zoo-Housed Gorillas. Frontiers of Psychology v. 10, n. 1574 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01574.
De Vere et al. Nest site ecology of the cross-river gorilla at the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary, Cameroon, with special reference to anthropogenic influence. American Journal of Primatology 73(3):253-261.
Coimbra-Filho, AF 1965. Breeding Lion Marmosets Leontideus rosalia at Rio de Janeiro Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 4 (1): 109-110.
Coimbra-Filho, AF 1969. Mico Leao , Leontideus rosalia (Linnaeus, 1766): Situação atual da espécie no Brasil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 41 (suppl): 29-52.
Coimbra-Filho, AF 1972. Mamíferos ameaçados de extinção no Brasil. In Academia Brasileira de Ciências. Espécies da fauna brasileira ameaçadas de extinção. ACB Editor, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 13-98.
Darwin, C [1856] 1964. On The Origin of Species– a Fac-simile of the First Edition, with an Introduction by Ernst Mayr. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 515 pp.
Dick, G 2009. Gorilla conservation – introduction. WAZA Magazine 11:1-2.
Domingues, I 2005. Em busca do método. In Domingues, I. Conhecimento e transdisciplinaridade II, aspectos metodológicos. Editora UFMG, Belo Horizonte, p. 17-40.
Doyle, C 2014. Captive Elephants, In L Grue. The Ethics of Captivity. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 38-56.
Duarte, RH 2017. Zoos in Latin America. In Beezley. W. The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 1-21.
Duarte, RH 2019. El zoológico del porvenir-: narrativas y memorias de nación sobre el Zoológico de Chapultepec, Ciudad de México, siglo XX. Historia Critica (21): 93-113.
Dunn, A, Nicholas, A 2009. Protecting Africa’s rarest gorilla. WAZA Magazine (11):3-10.
Dybas, C 2007. Out of Africa: A Tale of Gorillas, Heart Disease... and a Swamp Plant. BioScience 57 (5):392-297.
EAZA 2020. Elephant Best Practice Guidelines. EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdã, 213 pp.
Effiom, EO et al. 2014. Changes of community composition at multiple trophic levels due to hunting in Nigerian tropical forests. Ecography 36 (4):367-377.
Ehrenfeld, D 1995. Foreword. In Norton, BG, Hutchins, M, Stevens EF and Maple, TL. Ethics on the Ark. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. xvii-xix.
Funfstuck, T, Vigilant, L 2015. The Geographic Distribution of Genetic Diversity Within Gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 77 (9):974-985.
Gould, SJ 1977. Ever Since Darwin. Norton Company, New York.
Gould, SJ 2002. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Gould, SJ 2011. Leonardo’s Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA.
Hargrove, E 1995. The Role of Zoos in the Twenty-First Century. In Norton, BG; Hutchins, M Stevens, EF; Maple, TL. Ethics on the Ark. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, p. 13-19.
Hoage, RF and Deiss, WA 1996. New Worlds, New Animals: From Menagerie to Zoological Park. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 198p.
Hopkin, M 2007. Gorillas on the list. Nature 449 (7159):127.
Jendry, C 2009. Partness in Conservation: Poverty Alleviation as Key for Moutain Gorilla Conservation. WAZA Magazine (11):26-29.
Johnson, CN et al. Biodiversity losses and conservation responses in the Anthopocene. Science 356: 270-275.
Kierulff, MCM et al. 2012. The Golden Lion Tamarin Leontopithecus rosalia: a conservation success story. International Zoo Yearbook 46 (1): 36-45
Kurtycz, L, Ross, S 2015. Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) birth patterns and human presence in zoological settings. ZooBiology 36 (6): 518-521.
Lacy, RC 2013. Achieving True Sustainabiblity of Zoo Populations. Zoo Biology 32 (1): 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21029
Litchfield, CA, Lowry R, Dorrian J 2018. Recycling 115,369 mobile phones for gorilla conservation over a six-year period (2009-2014) at Zoos Victoria: A case study of ‘points of influence’ and mobile phone donations”. PLoS ONE 13(12): e0206890. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206890
Madisson, N 2009. Adressing the Trade in Apes in Africa. WAZA Magazine (11):11-13.
Maisels, F et al. 2018. Gorilla gorilla ssp. gorilla (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species e.T9406A136251508. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T9406A136251508.en
McDonald, T, Vandersommers, D 2019. Zoo Studies – A New Humanities. McGill-Queens’s University Press, Montreal, 345 p.
Mayr E 1982. The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Meehan, T, Lowenstine L, Murphy, H 2016. Consultation on the death of the gorilla ‘Bantú’ of the Chapultepec Zoo. Ciudad de México: Dirección General de Zoológicos y Vida Silvestre de la Ciudad de México, 2016, 11p. Available from http://www.data.sedema.cdmx.gob.mx/informacion-de-interes-publico-zoologicos-cdmx/index.html
Montaigne, M [1580] 2010. Os ensaios. São Paulo: Penguin & Cia das Letras.
Mullan, B and Marvin, G 1999. Zoo Culture: the book about watching people watch animals. 2nd ed. University of Illinois Press, Chicago, 172p.
Murphy, H et al. 2011. Echocardiographic parameters of captive western lowland gorilas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Journal of Zoo Wildlife Medicine 42 (4):572-579.
Najar, A 13 jul 2016. “La polémica que desató en México la muerte de Bantú, el gorila más querido del país”, BBC News-Mundo, Ciudad de México. Available from https://bbc.in/3tX8lrt
Penn, L et al. 2012. 77 Years: The History and Evolution of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums 1935-2012. Praga: WAZA, 200pp.
Perroux, F 2009. Djeke Gorilla Project. WAZA Magazine (11): 22-25.
Rees, PA 2003. Asian Elephants in Zoos Face Global Extinction: Should Zoos Accept the Inevitable? Oryx 37(1): 20-22.
Reis, JJ 1991. A morte é uma festa. São Paulo: Cia das Letras.
Ritvo, H 1987. The Animal State. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 347 p.
Rodrigues, M 2018. O Equinócio dos sabiás. Editora UFPR, Curitiba, 176 p.
Rothfels, N 2002. Savages and Beastes: The Birth of the Modern Zoo. The Johns Hopkins University Press, London, 268
RSPCA 2002. Live Hard, Die Young: How Elephants Suffer in Zoos. RSPCA, Southwater Horsham. 11p. Available from: https://science.rspca.org.uk/documents/1494935/9042554/Live+hard+die+young+Z06.pdf/99aa1282-4484-5c6f-e5bb-83b57339ce5a?t=1553171442360
Ruiz-Miranda, CR et al. 2019. Estimating Populations Sizes to Evaluate Progress in Conservation of Endangered Golden Lion Tamarins (Leonpithecus rosalia). PLOS/ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216664 , 1-18.
Sanchéz-Olmos, JC 27 jul. 2016. “Los Zoológicos, necesarios para la conservación”. Milênio, Ciudad de México. Available from https://www.milenio.com/opinion/juan-carlos-sanchez-olmos/columna-juan-carlos-sanchez-olmos/los-zoologicos-necesarios-para-la-conservacion
Starobinski, J 1992. Montaigne em movimento. São Paulo: Cia das Letras, 325 pp.
Strong, V et al. 2017. A Retrospective Review of Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Mortality in European Zoologic Collections between 2004 and 2014. Journal of Zoo Wildlife Medicine 48 (2): 277-286.
Sukumar, R 2003. Asian Elephants in Zoos – A Response to Rees. Oryx 37(1): 23-24.
Veyne, P [1978] 1982. Foucault revoluciona a história. Editora UnB, 1982.
Vovelle, M 1975. Les attitudes devant la mort. Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions 39: 17-29.
Walsh, P. et al. 2007 Potential for Ebola transmission beteween gorilla and chimpanzee social groups. American Naturalist 169 (5): 684-689.
WAZA 2020. Protecting our Planet. Available from: https://www.waza.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/F_WAZA-Sustainability-Strategy-2020.pdf
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2021-08-31
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DUARTE, Regina Horta. Vida y Muerte en los Zoológicos. Fronteira: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science, [S. l.], v. 10, n. 2, p. 168–186, 2021. DOI: 10.21664/2238-8869.2021v10i2.p168-186. Disponível em: https://periodicos.unievangelica.edu.br/index.php/fronteiras/article/view/5628. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2024.
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Dossiê - Humanidades Ambientais
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